Miscegenation free essay sample

As an African-American child growing up in a single-mother household, in a predominately white neighborhood, it was important to my family that they lay a foundation of cultural pride for me. My mother and grandmother (whom lived with us) were very subtle in providing this education through codes in the form of Afro-American cultural phenomena of their respective eras (from James Brown to Roots the television mini-series starring Alex Haley). The other woman whom I contribute my raising was my Aunt, born, raised, and living in a black neighborhood—whose biggest fear was that I grow up to marry a white woman. She instilled in me a miscegenetic ideology through less subtle means. Her favorite catchphrase was â€Å"if she can’t use your comb, then don’t bring her home. † This poetically prejudice statement is a reference to the different textures of black hair, which has more body (versus other ethnicities—particularly white) and generally requires a bristled brush. We will write a custom essay sample on Miscegenation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Thus, my aunt was saying that I should only bring home someone with the same physical ethnic features as me (aka a black women). My Mom and aunt were born in the early 60’s in the midst of the Civil Rights Movement. The 60’s were a time when the term â€Å"miscegenation† was on the tip of everyone’s tongue as it was controversially ruled â€Å"unconstitutional† by The Supreme Court in 1967. I wondered if growing up in this era shaped my Mom and Aunt’s view of black and white relations. In that era, was mixed marriage a matter of pride or prejudice? In exploring this question I chose to perform an analysis of trends related to interracial relations and miscegenation (pre-abolishment) through the New York Times. Comparing and contrasting a period of time well before the Civil Rights Movement (1908-1913) and one well within the Civil Rights Movement (1960-1965) provides fascinating insight on the influences and development of race theory in the United States, particularly in the use of racial propaganda, dueling racial paradigms, and the impact of social conditions on the church’s stance. One of the most blaring trends in both eras is the use of propaganda to introduce provocative perspective on mixed race relations. The most popular medium for such perspective was the theatre. In 1913, theatre critic William Winter made headlines for denouncing the â€Å"new theatre† which incorporated such taboo subjects as homosexuality, adultery, and religion. In this article, Winter points out the â€Å"degeneracy† of every current play grappling with what he considers â€Å"vile ideas disguised as dramatic art†, which ends up being quite the lengthy blacklist. Winter saves his most scathing criticisms for the play â€Å"The Nigger† of which he describes as â€Å"crude, pointless, tainted†¦a tissue of impertinent prattle about the terrible subject of miscegenation. Winter becomes most offended by an interracial relationship that he leaves the reader to assume has him all â€Å"hot and bothered. † He describes the relationship as â€Å"the struggle between ‘nigger’ and white woman† and calls it â€Å"one of the most revolting scenes that have been acted on any stage or before any audience. † Ironically, there are no brown people in this play. Winter lashes out at the mere allusion of an interracial relationship. The plot revolves around a Southern aristocrat who is encouraged to run for governor by another political figure. During the aristocrat’s tenure he signs a bill that puts the latter mentioned political figure out of business who then retaliates with allegations that the governor has â€Å"negro ancestry† which forces him to resign and leave his girlfriend, to her devastation. By 1964, theatre was the sole means of propaganda ushered in by World War II and the Cold War. Cultural commentary on interracial romance was no longer subtlety. Gone were the days of allusions of mixed relations among all-white casts. As indicated by journalist Lewis Funke, certain African-American actors and actresses became brown poster-children of cross-cultural popularity. This popularity became a platform for the palatability of anti-miscegenation to both white and Afro-American audiences. Though strides had been made with actors like Sammy Davis Jr. and James Earl Jones, lesser known actors and actresses awoke the sting of reality: the dominant southern white-supremist ideology. Funke uses Paula Wayne as an example, stating that her appearance in â€Å"Golden Boy† â€Å"opposite a negro† hasn’t been â€Å"without percussions† and resulted in hate mail laced with obscene language. Given the strides American theatre made with pieces that questioned the color line of love, it was the silver screen’s turn. Also in 1964, director Larry Peerce created the interracial drama â€Å"One Potato, Two Potato† about a â€Å"negro† who marries a white woman with a white daughter from a previous marriage. This film was celebrated as â€Å"groundbreaking† for daring to depict the â€Å"traumatic effects of interracial marriage† and doing so with â€Å"fine taste†¦and artistry†Ã¢â‚¬â€a little too much taste and artistry. Weiler goes on to scorn the film for being unrealistic, seeming to contrive bigotry through the wife’s first husband coming back to the US from South America for custody of their daughter and succeeds. Though film was a critical tool in promoting anti-miscegenation, it wouldn’t exist without a propaganda movement that was so potent and instrumental that it attracted media attention all over the nation for years. The Cosmopolitan Society of Greater New York was developed in about 1906 under the premise of getting like-minded whites and African-Americans together to discuss solutions to the race problem in the US. In 1908, the society decided to hold a dinner forum for the purposes of â€Å"exchanging ideas on how best to help forward the colored people. The dinner was comprised of African-American and white guests and society members. The forum boasted speeches from scholars to clergymen on the topics of racial equality and interracial marriage. Though a journalist or passionate citizen eventually referenced most of the speeches, it was Hamilton Holt whose words elicited an immediate and overwhelming response. In his speech, Holt spoke of four ways to deal with the race problem in America: extermination, deportation, assimilation, and education. He went on to remark that extermination and deportation were not options, but wasn’t so quick to denounce assimilation. He stated that, â€Å"[intermarriage] if between white men and colored women and not between colored men and white women, would bleach the race. † He went on to claim that he â€Å"rejected it as a proper solution† but he entertained it as a solution nonetheless. Intentional or not, his entertaining of the idea of assimilation became the foundation for national media reaction and the unofficial theme of the entire event. The heated reactions to the dinner forum were just as diverse as the crowed that attended. The first response set the tone and dubbed the forum the â€Å"black and white dinner. † The article compared African-Americans to a contagious disease whose germs surely infected the whites they ate with. Furthermore, the writer viewed the event as a â€Å"socialist† waste of time. Another standout editorial came from Virginia’s Richmond Times-Dispatch calling the event â€Å"folly and degradation of a lot of soft-headed visionaries and socialistic diletantes. Maryland’s Baltimore Sun called the event â€Å"demoralizing and dangerous†¦and compels more serious consideration of the subject [social equality and mixed marriages] than might otherwise be necessary. † The most compelling of the responses came from a perspective different from the typical early 20th century fear of socialism and social order. It was from the perspective of an African-American woman in a letter to the editor. In her letter she expressed her gross opposition to the dinner and the speeches for their promotion of interracial marriage. She viewed interracial marriage as an attack on African-American cultural pride, stating, I consider an insult has been offered to every thinking woman of my race who has the good and betterment of her people at heart†¦I maintain that every true negro wishes not to have a bleached race but to have a race of black and women, who will vindicate their own manhood and womanhood and work out their own salvation Assimilation wasn’t an outrageous view of the time. A few years later, an African-American anthropologist from Clark University in Atlanta, Georgia, made the New York Times for his support of African-American â€Å"bleaching. He found it â€Å"absurd† that so much of society revolves around the â€Å"perpetual segregation of the negro† when humans were meant to evolve into one single human race. He goes on to call biracial people as â€Å"the gift to human civilization. † The anthropologist is a clear example of racial paradigm of the early 20th century viewing race as a scientific construct. The whole concept of the assimilation of the African-American plays into the idea of the US melting pot metaphor used later in globalization propaganda that was popular at the time. The metaphor references the concept that the United States is a fusion of diversity: different nationalities, cultures, and ethnicities. With the fusion of all of these identifiers it creates platform for the scientists to define race by genetics. One author of a New York Times article felt so strongly about the link between science and race that it was suggested that no â€Å"negro† be allowed to marry a white person without a State Eugenics Board Certificate, but only if the non-white party is less than half and â€Å"not less than 1/8 part negro blood. Such complicated measures of defining race by ratios only caused paranoia of accidentally getting involved with someone of another race. One humorous announcement on the front page of the New York Times reinforced that paranoia with a column entitled â€Å"Not Afraid of Negro Taint. † The blurb highlighted the engagement of Blanche Clamorgan, a white woman to a white car dealer, despite her sister being sued for an annulment of her marriage to her husband on the  grounds that she is â€Å"tainted† with â€Å"negro† ancestry. There was strong opposition to the science theory of race. One letter to the editor discredited the Clark University professor claiming a lack of scientific support for the evolution argument and reminds readers that an anthropologist is not a scientist. He also discredited the professor for his lack of experience, claiming that he can’t accurately be an authority for the race problem born and raised â€Å"free† being from Mas sachusetts. He closes his comments indicating the significance of skin tone within defining race, â€Å"the ‘black nigger’ is proud of his color and holds the ‘yellow nigger’ in contempt. †The writer’s opinion becomes more popular by the 1960’s indicating the start of a paradigm shift from race as a scientific construct towards race as a sociological construct. A lot of articles were appearing that highlight the harsh societal realities of skin color. Stories told are founded on the fact that race prospers by the society that perpetuates it, not so much by science. Racial intermarriage laws were a popular example of this in the 60’s, and how some states, such as Florida, focus on cohabitation for fear of by not doing so the state government was promoting â€Å"’negro-white’ intermarriage. † Further support for the developing social construct of race can be seen in the sociological theory that â€Å"white guilt† and â€Å"negro revenge are at the center of interracial problems. These numerous cultural barriers left some African-Americans feeling like colorblind love isn’t worth the hassle. A poll was taken in the mid-1960’s that surveyed 729 African-American families and 839 white families about miscegenation. The poll concluded that no African-American participants would encourage their child to marry white, and even then, only have of them would tolerate it. Though interracial marriage seemed to be on the decline everywhere else, the complete opposite was happening in New York. The New York Times dedicated an entire front page spread to interracial couples whose marriages have stood the test of time. In much of the article, couples spoke about the rise of subtle discrimination from both whites and African-Americans, and how color plays a defining role in their marriages. One couple speaks of the â€Å"theory of skin tone† stating that, â€Å"strangers both ‘negro’ and white almost actively seek a reason not to be prejudiced against interracial couples†¦sometimes†¦there is reason enough if the negro partner’s skin is light or†¦exceedingly well-dressed. † Skin color even becomes a variable when seeking a marriage at the Municipal Building. In order to obtain the license the each couple must identify themselves as a color. The color options are black, brown, yellow, white, and red. One must interestingly note that three months prior to the article written highlighting interracial couples, another one written announcing the US Air Force’s indefinite suspension of an identical color system troops were forced to use to identify spouses prior to deployment. Marriage licenses were also a significant topic of discourse in the early 20th century. One could find several announcements involving interracial couples gaining and being denied marriage licenses between the years of 1908 and 1913. There was one that stood out from May of 1908 involving a â€Å"colored† student from Jamaica and a â€Å"white girl† obtaining a marriage license. It went on to describe how both the groom and bride-to-be were â€Å"devout Catholics. † A Catholic Bishop was asked to make a statement, which included, â€Å"the church had no power to refuse to countenance a marriage between a â€Å"negro† and a white woman. † Unfortunately for many other religions, it isn’t so simple. The idea of shifting religious observances with the ever-turbulent social conditions of the United States can be an uphill battle. Congregations and religious leaders often have to pressure the folks in power, meaning one has to go through a time consuming chain of command before making any progress. The bright side of the latter is that it periodically resulted in clever manifestations of artistic demonstration, like the New Brady play of 1912 about mixed marriage from a Jewish perspective. The uphill battle of religion and interracial marriage remained true in the 1960’s. Though Catholics continued to â€Å"walk the talk† and be examples to other churches and religions, others continued to struggle through politics and due process.

The 15 Most Loved, Read, and Shared Career Articles of 2015

The 15 Most Loved, Read, and Shared Career Articles of 2015 What a year! We have finally reached the final week of 2015. There are a lot of career advice and job seeking tips out there. But some career advice just stands above the rest. We have analyzed what our readers loved the most in 2015 and compiled this list of the most popular career advice to get you supercharged for the year ahead. 5 Clues That It’s Time to QuitHere are 5 tell-tale warning signs that may indicate it’s time for you to start job hunting. when you are ready,  browse over 498,547 new jobs on TheJobNetwork.Show Me The Money: 8 Good-Paying Part-Time JobsPart-time jobs are lucrative and plentiful, but finding them means knowing where to look. Here is a list of 8 good part time jobs to help you get started.How Not To Job Hunt: Tips from an Executive RecruiterA longtime recruiting professional knows what he looks for in an executive job seeker–and what he avoids.Top 9 Stress Relieving Activities at Work That’ll Keep You HappyEver wish a stress s uperhero could save you from chaotic meetings, fast approaching deadlines, never ending projects or traffic jams? Well, you can become your own stress-busting superhero. Here are some quick and easy stress relieving activities at work that will keep you happy and productive!4 Questions That Will Make You Rage QuitHere are four questions you should ask yourself when deciding if it’s time to cut bait and look for a new job.The 35 Highest Paying Jobs You Can Get Without a Bachelors DegreeNo Bachelors degree? No problem. Here is a list of 35 potential careers to consider. Some even come with a median salary of $122,530!10 Nursing Careers You Didn’t Know ExistedThe nursing field is one of the fastest growing in the country. As healthcare modernizes and expands from the ER into the app store, there are a number of new opportunities to look out for as you consider nursing or look to explore a new area of your career.8 Hilarious Truck Signs Spotted On the RoadTake a break! Her e are  some of the most hilarious truck signs spotted on the road.The 9 Worst Mistakes You Can Ever Make at WorkHere are some key mistakes to avoid if you want to remain at the top of your work game.Crush your Next Job Interview with These 12 QuestionsHaving appropriate questions to ask after your interview can be the determining factor on whether or not you get the job.8 Red Flags Employers See on Your ResumeRecruiters watch for certain items on a resume and, if you have any of those on yours, that might be the reason why you don’t hear back.4 Resume Best Practices for 2016To help you get started, here are some tips to get your resume ready to compete in the new year.6 Tips for Job Hunting While You’re Still EmployedLooking for a new job while still employed in another makes you more employable; however, it can backfire if your current employer finds out. Here are some great tips to help your job search while you are still employed.Why You Should Say ‘Thank Yo u’ Instead of ‘Sorry’Over apologizing can lead others to doubt you or lose confidence in your abilities. Here is a comic by Yao Xiao suggests  how using â€Å"thank you† instead of â€Å"sorry† can have a much different effect.Top 5 Reasons Why You Didn’t Get HiredWant to know some red flags that will make hiring managers toss your resume to the bottom of the pile? Here is a list of top 5 deal breakers.SEE ALSO:Trending Career Articles for Healthcare ProfessionalsTop 20 Job Seeking Tips for Office and Admin ProfessionalsEverything You Need to Know to Get  a Commercial Driver’s License (CDL)

2-DISCUSSION QUESTION Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

2-DISCUSSION QUESTION - Coursework Example ning.† Although Maude has a constitutional right to park her car in place properly designated for her, she has no right parking her car in a place reserved for handicapped whether in hurry or not. Therefore, she is not respecting the rights of others i.e. the handicapped. However, from another perspective, I think Maude is acting ethically. Going by the definition of physical handicap, I think Maude is physically handicapped, given that she parks her car at this place whenever she is in a hurry implying loss of memory coordination and sensation. However, given that she has not been diagnosed with this condition, I can authoritatively conclude by saying that she is acting unethically. Ethical issues involving minors has become a contentious issue in the world today. An act can be described legal but unethical. Legally, the 16-year old girl should not be put on the pill, but what remains a puzzle is whether the doctor’s action is ethical or not. Under the policy statement about ethical issues involving children, the policy statement states that, drugs may affect children in a different way from adults (Watterberg et al., 2013). Parents have the responsibility of bringing up their children in an ethical manner; thus, from a religious perspective, the doctor should have denied the girl the accessibility to medical pill with or without the parents’ approval because this violates Christian beliefs. However, the law provides for confidentiality of the doctor-patient privacy and, therefore, a doctor should under no circumstance share any information of his or her patient with anyone be it a minor or an adult. However, the girl being a minor she is deemed n ot able to make an independent decision concerning her health status and, therefore, the doctor acted within ethical lines in contacting her

Breast cancer Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Breast cancer - Term Paper Example luding family history, genetics, age of menstruation, and other  factors that have not yet been identified.  Though much less common, breast cancer also occurs in men.   Breast cancer patients usually experience a lot of stress and frustration due to reasons like the unpredictability of the disease, uncertainty of the future and financial difficulties (Lynn & Charles, 25). It is even more difficult for patients who have to go out of remission and face the medical complications over and over again. I know this because my mom had had cancer about 12 years ago and when she recently heard the news about her cancer’s return, she was hurt, tensed and devastated about it. Other effects of breast cancer include troubled sleep, body aches, headaches, pain, fatigue and anxiety. Moreover, many cancer patients including my mom worry about their physical appearance after extensive treatment procedures like chemotherapy, mastectomy and skin changes from radiation therapy and find it extremely difficult to make public experiences (Lynn & Charles, 25). But that certainly does not mean that patients cannot deal with it. By taking one step at a time and by the support of her friends and family, my mother is trying to deal with her situation. She prefers to keep herself still busy in work so that her mind remains occupied and tension – free. Almost 200,000 women suffer from the disease each year. Although there are many external factors contributing towards the spread of breast cancer, current investigations have revealed that genetic inheritance has a major part to play in almost five to ten percent of these cases (Lynch, 91-98). This knowledge, an ingenious finding by Mary-Claire King in 1990, linked breast cancer to the long-arm of chromosome 17 (Biesecker, 22-27). Since the discovery of possible genetic linkage, doctors have been able to delineate those individuals who are most prone to the disorder, and immediately, these women begin to act in accordance with doctor’s

Charlotte's Webb marijuana Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Charlotte's Webb marijuana - Essay Example Their argument is based from scientific study that has proven that there are chemicals in marijuana that are active called cannabinoids. This controversy is kind of a fact because cannabinoids which are a big family of chemicals related to delta-9-tetrahydrocannanibal (THC) which is marijuana’s major psychoactive ingredient. Apart from THC the marijuana plant contains more than one hundred cannabinoids. Scientists and makers of drugs have also synthesized many cannabinoids in the testing ground .this however is used to treat pain and nausea at some countries Charlotte’s web is a name that originated from a child known as charlotte Figs who was the first to attempt the strain around two years ago. This child suffered about 60 seizures for a period of 24 hours. Her parents confidently say that the child has no strain anymore.Cannabidiol is conceived to hinder or act as a barrier on parts of the brain that lead to epileptic seizures and as excitants in other parts that decrease them. Says Igor Grant, he is a director of the university of California’s center for medicinal cannabis Research though this remains unproven (Myma, 2001). When a an epilepsy patient and his doctor agrees that they will use marijuana to treat epilepsy.it follows that they should consider legal matters and safe access to medical marijuana and they should take it before they act or decide to use it.This bases are derived from Charlotte Fig, who came up with this issuewho suffer from DraveSyndrome, it is known to be a genetic disorder that causes more severe epilepsy. It was noted that there has been instant decrease in Figs seizures and removal of her need for seizures drugs that has been caused by high number of CBD and low THC that is found in medical marijuana (Mitch, 2002). Pros and cons in my opinion are full support to patients and families

Bilingualism in Spanish Education

Bilingualism in Spanish Education Nowadays, bilingual education has become an important issue in Spanish education. Along the years, education has been modified several times by different laws and political ideologies and it is still happening today. I will focus on the Spanish primary schools, specifically in Andalusia, where I would like to study the current situation, considering the law as the main rule to bear in mind when making changes. However, the system has to be adapted to the new needs in education and the methodology teaching. Thus, the legislative frameworks guiding the Spanish education system are the Spanish Constitution (1978), the Organic Act on the right to Education (LODE, 1978), and the Organic Law of Education 2/2006, 3rd May (Ley Organica de Education LOE 2006). Considering that many places are monolingual communities, then it follows that the changes in the education system are being done slowly. Some educational and pedagogical books have mentioned the situation in the past and how to implement advantages in methodology and language learning. But in the case of Spain, as some studies have referred to, the obligation to improve in terms of second language knowledge is mainly due to the demands in the competitive market in the EU. For example, in the book CLIL in Spain Implementation, Results and Teacher Training, David Lasagabaster makes mention of the setting in our education: The fact that Spain finds itself in the penultimate position in the ranking of EU countries in terms of second language knowledge, a figure offered by the latest demolinguistic reports of the continent (Council of Europe 2005; Grin 2002), has wounded the credibility of the educational system and was seen as a real threat to future growth and development (Lasagabaster, 3). That is the most commonly held reason, as researchers suggest in their writings, why the government and authorities started to focus on the promotion of L2 competences as an essential step towards modernization and prosperity. Then, on April 25th, 2005, in Andalusia, the minister for education presented a plan called Plan de Fomento del Plurilinguismo (henceforth the Plan, Junta de Andalucia 2004), the main aim was to provide teachers with useful skills to perform new tasks required of them; in other words, teachers had to adapt to a lot of different functions that are affected in the use of language and methodology, for teacher training in content and language integrated learning. It was of concern to foreign language teachers and teachers in general because of the non-linguistic areas of knowledge, such as natural science, art, physical educationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ As a consequence, a huge investment was made in human and technical resources, teacher training, mobility and the innovation of the curricula design. It allowed around 400 bilingual Primary and Secondary schools to be inaugurated. But it brings an enormous challenge to the teachers, as I mentioned above, due to two main reasons: first, they have to put their English language skills into practice, and second, they have to improve their language level. Another difficulty to be faced is the lack of published textbooks for bilingual schools, so teachers will need the help of the assistant teacher creating the materials and also a large amount of time to prepare the tasks. However, it is also necessary to mention the mobility programs for teachers and students, which facilitate language experiences, teacher training schemes, increased student exchanges, and basically extend adult education and lifelong learning. So far, many initiatives based on the new trends of foreign language teaching have happened; Curriculum Integrado de las Lenguas CIL, was meant to be the first step in the changes planned, and then CLIL (which seems to share the same ideas), led to agreements between foreign organisations and universities to allow exchange visits and the mobility of students and teachers, Teacher Training Centres, study abroad programmesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Most of these regulations were created between 1998 and 2004 at experimental bilingual schools, and were finally set up in all the Andalusian provinces, and consequently, many schools will later join the experience of plurilingual education. Teachers realize that the students have to be responsible for their own learning, they have to be independent learners, and to manage their individual learning needs. Regarding the students learning, an evaluation of CLIL programs in Andalusia was carried out in 2008. There are a lot of benefits in CLIL schemes; Lasagabaster has written in his book about the CLIL program: The potential of CLIL with respect to the goals of plurilingual education has noticeably been taken into account by the educational authorities in Andalusia and the language education policies that have been implemented (159). As far as Im concerned, many studies and academic writings are carried out in this field. All of them have helped to improve and move forward the study of foreign language learning. However, my project will prove that primary education, which is one of the most important phases in students lives, requires changes in schools. Nevertheless, schools have to follow the same pathway, bringing useful skills for students lives, and teaching them how to face a changing world with the right tools. I think CLIL brings the possibility of helping students when learning a second language, but it could be a challenge. 3. Theoretical framework and research methodology Theoretical Framework: 3, 5 pà ¡ginas The aim of this study is to investigate bilingual education in relation to the content and methodology used by teachers when students are learning a foreign language, so after exploring many sources (books, internet, libraryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦), I am going to base my theoretical framework on the use of CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning). The reason I came up with my decision is because I was exploring some teacher methodologies adopted in schools in the past when teaching a second language. Compared with today, in the past teachers basically used to rely on repetition or imaginary situations in their lessons, which had no relation to real life situations, which would serve as a way to gain the knowledge to communicate in another language. Nonetheless, after years of research on teacher training, other ways of teaching and learning have been shown to be more successful, and I can say that studies in language teaching have achieved breakthroughs in the development of a second language. Indeed, CLIL is an example of this process. We are living in a time of advances and innovation in technology, and this often involves changes in the way we do things. Therefore, integration becomes more important today than the fragmented style practised in previous years, so it is a step forward in our present that brings fusion between categories that might have been divided in the past. As a result, CLIL invites us to the confluence between the learning of content and language. It provokes changes in teachers, as they move away from fragmentation when teaching in separate areas of content and language, which was a situation that arose in the old schools. Therefore, since fusion is a fact, in the present and in the future, the information and communication sectors are integrating technologies due to social demand. CLIL is a useful theory created to help young people to build integrated knowledge and skills for a progressively unified world. A good definition of CLIL can be found in Uncovering CLIL: Content and Language Integrated Learning in Bilingual and Multilingual Education: In short, CLIL is a dual-focused educational approach in which an additional language is used for the learning and teaching of both content and language. For example, CLIL has involved Malaysian children learning maths and science in English. (Mehisto, 9). We can start to see the world as a product of globalization, where technology is a useful tool to exchange information and knowledge. It also has an impact in the way we teach and on what we teach. Therefore, CLIL is a strategy with the objective of using a language that is not the students native language, as a way of instruction and learning for primary subjects, such as maths, science, art, physical education, musicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Although it is difficult to combine the language learning with content learning, co-operation and the exchange skills among language and content teachers come to be essential when CLIL is implemented in the classroom. Nevertheless, it has to be accompanied by enough time for class preparation and enough time for the teachers to reach a common agreement on teaching strategies and student activities. Additionally, it is an easy task if we think that the subjects that we are going to deal with have to be updated and students familiar with their use: The learning materials used in CLIL classes are often from current sources such as newspaper articles, books, brochures, web pages or blogs. Students are supported in using these materials. The texts are adapted by cutting information into manageable chunks and adding synonyms or a glossary. (Mehisto, 33) Moreover, once again it is clear that the purpose of language in CLIL is to be considered and used as a tool, rather than as a particular area of study; hence, this new strategy seems to be appropriate considering the rush for changes and the new challenges presented by the world today. Teachers are aware that there will be several changes, and as consequence, the atmosphere in the classroom will help students in their development and comprehension of the subject: Krashens hypothesis on the affective filter states that optimum learning occurs in an environment of high stimulation and low anxiety. According to his theory, the emotional state of the learner acts as a filter. Krashen sees the learners emotional state as an adjustable filter that may pass or impede input needed for acquisition (Rozeta, 3823). As mentioned before, Europe is making changes related to the necessity of learning languages without forgetting the content, and this is one of the reasons why the EU ´s language policy promotes multilingualism, and they promote the interest of every EU citizen in being able to speak at least two foreign languages, which is reflected in schools from an early age. Knowledge of languages is at the heart of a successful Europe. Multilingualism enables communication and understanding, key elements in inspiring Europes many diverse cultures to work together towards common goals. Language teaching is therefore of central importance (Rozeta, 3824). Referring to the acquisition of teaching strategies in CLIL, it is not easy to apply and it requires considerable effort to put it into practice: it demands collaboration among subject teachers and language teachers, as well as a greater range of activities than in a regular class. The materials used have to be well prepared and accurate. In the case of CLIL, it is recommended that the material be compiled by both teachers, so good time management skills are also necessary. It is a fact that CLIL is one of the most effective methods of learning a foreign language, and many places in Spain are still in the process of introducing it in state schools because the process takes more time than in private schools; private schools are more flexible and a new law can be introduced quickly. Interestingly, a study in Andalusia have proven that CLIL students obtain much better results in communicative skills than in the non-CLIL groups in other languages; however, it is still necessary to invest in more research on this subject: However, a preoccupying fact in Andalusia is that there is virtually no existing research on non-CLIL language classrooms and the same with respect to content-subject classrooms. Given the very low ratings for Andalusia in the PISA reports this should be a priority (Bruton, 530). After all these findings on research in education, and specifically in bilingual education, the government has had to compromise and collaborate with the universities, institutions, schools, teachersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ with the aim of investing in teacher training for high-quality education in order to transform CLIL into a reality in all the schools. Research methodology and design: 3,5 paginas Before explaining my choices, I will mention the main differences between qualitative and quantitative methods. The term quantitative refers to the fact that the emphasis is on the amount of data. Therefore, the use of questionnaires as research tools is more common in quantitative research. Interviews and observation, however, are usually thought of as qualitative techniques, since the focus is on the quality of the data, not the quantity. It was best stated by Best and Khan on their well-known work, Research in Education. On the one hand, [q]uantitative research consists of those studies in which the data concerned can be analysed in terms of numbers. On the other hand, [r]esearch can also be qualitative, that is, it can describe events, persons and so forth scientifically without the use of numerical data. Furthermore, [q]uantitative research is based more directly on its original plans and its results are more readily analysed and interpreted, whereas [q]ualitative research is more open and responsive to its subject. As a conlusion, it can be said that [b]oth types of research are valid and useful. They are not mutually exclusive (89-90). The main research tool used in this paper is the interview, which can also be considered a professional conversation (Interviews: An Introduction to qualitative research interviewing. Kvale, 5). In general, the interview can be defined as having a purpose: to obtain descriptions of the world of the interviewee, and to interpret the meaning of the described phenomena. Thus, the use of interviews in research can be seen as something natural: it is a conversation that has a structure and a purpose. It could be produced through spontaneous exchanges of views in everyday conversation, and converted through a careful questioning and listening approach with the aim of obtaining thoroughly tested knowledge. Usually, it is not considered a conversation between equal partners because the researcher normally takes control of the situation. The researcher is in charge of introducing the topic of the interview, and following up on the subjects answers to his or her questions. The conversation has been used as a way of gathering information since ancient times: Socrates already used dialogues to obtain philosophical knowledge from people. In addition, the social sciences that originated in the late 19th century also made use of interviews for research in a systematic way. Ever since, conversations have belonged to the realm of the social sciences, the humanities and philosophy. At this moment, the emphasis on the interview, and on the interpretation of its meanings, practically places interview research within the domain of the humanities. The numerous advances in technical devices, such as portable tape recorders and computer programs, have made it possible to take accurate recordings of interviews, as well as to easily transcribe them. Moreover, the research methodology used in this paper is a qualitative methodology because the data used here is termed soft, which means it is rich in the description of people, places and conversation, and not easily handled by statistical procedures. In this study, I am going to focus my analysis on bilingual education; specifically, on the experiences of two English teachers from two very different environments: one works in a bilingual school and the other works in a Spanish monolingual school. It could be said that qualitative research is also more natural; this is because the researcher frequents the places where the events he or she is interested in occur naturally. Furthermore, the data gathered is supplied by people engaging in their natural behaviour. In addition, I used qualitative research because it is descriptive; in an interview, the data collected is based on the words of the interviewee rather than numbers. When using qualitative methods, researchers are interested in the process, instead of simply the outcome. Here, the participant perspective is essential, and the researcher needs to be interested in how different people make sense of their lives, as well as many other factors, in order to accurately capture their perspectives. The reason I will use a qualitative method is that I think this method is the most suitable one for research in the field of education, which is what I am working on. It is a method that allows us to see and understand events in their proper context. Thus, I will immerse myself in the context, preparing the interview and then interviewing both subjects at their respective schools. This process will be interactive because the people being studied will tell the researcher about their lives. Moreover, the experience will be approached as a whole, not as a series of independent variables, since the goal is to obtain a unified view of the situation. Hence, a qualitative method seems to be the most suitable choice. As mentioned above, I will analyse and transcribe the interviews relating the experiences of two teachers working in very different environments, but both teaching subjects in a foreign language. The aim is to study their answers and compare them, looking at the different methods and programs used. The decision to use an interview is based on the fact that, through their answers and background information, I will evaluate their ideas and compare how bilingual and monolingual schools differ with respect to teaching a second language in primary school. My interview will consist of four questions; my intention is to avoid, as much as possible, questions that can be answered by yes or no (closed questions) because in that case I will not be able to obtain the information needed for the study. I am going to use a semi-structured or open interview; one reason for this is that I have just one chance to meet with the teachers and, in that time, I have to cover all the points and to obtain reliable, comparable, qualitative data. These questions are specifically focused on comparing a bilingual school teacher and a monolingual school teacher; mostly on the use of foreign language when teaching the content, advantages and disadvantages in both cases, and some of the problems that arise in a classroom when the language used is not the native one. The design of the interview is divided into seven stages, according to Kvale (88): Thematizing. Before the interview starts formulate the purpose of the investigation and describe the concept of the topic to be investigated. The why and what should be clarified before the question of how-method is posed. Designing. To design the study in undertaken with regard to obtaining the intended knowledge, before the interviewing starts. Interviewing. Conduct the interview based on an interview guide and with reflective approach to the knowledge. Transcribing. Prepare the interview material for analysis which includes normally a transcription from oral speech to a written text. Analyzing. Decide which method of analysis are appropriate thinking on the purpose and the nature of the interview material. Verifying. . Establish the generalizability, reliability, and validity of the interview findings. Reporting. Communicate the findings of the study and the methods applied in a form that lives up to scientific criteria, takes the ethical aspects of the investigation into consideration, and that results in a readable product. Finally, I have decided on the two chosen teachers because one works in a bilingual school and his native language is English, and the other teacher works in a monolingual school and her native language is Spanish. This will allow me a wider field of work, so that I can analyze as many differences as possible.

Media - The Relationship of Self and Advertising Essay -- Exploratory

The Relationship of Self and Advertising      Ã‚  Ã‚   Advertising has an extremely strong hold on society. Due to the overwhelming presence of mass media in popular culture, products are often recognized solely by how they are portrayed in their advertisements. Regardless of how truthful or misleading it may be, advertising is how companies spread the message about what they have to offer to the public. Advertising appears in various forms, including printed material, television, audio, and even down to its simplest form-word of mouth. Without good advertising, a product would not succeed and would lack added publicity given to it through advertising. Consumers would not always be informed of the best products and prices without ads. Both the corporation and the consumer directly benefit from advertising. However, potential buyers should proceed with caution. There is misleading information circulating through advertisements on a daily basis. Products are often glamorized and appear as something they really are not. The truth is that people can be easily influenced by advertisements that appeal to them. Until this group of consumers can see through the hype often associated with advertising, they will continue to be mislead by the ads presented before them.    Manufacturers' dependence upon advertising is evident on everyday television, but is especially obvious during Super Bowl night, one of America's most hallowed evenings. A few seconds of advertising to the countless number of football fans watching the Super Bowl can cost businesses millions of dollars. If this were not an effective means of drawing customers to a product, nationally renowned companies would not spend this much money for just a f... ...lf. The two (advertising and self) help each other out. Advertising communicates information to the self while benefitting it most of the time. The self keeps advertising alive by purchasing the displayed products and following the media as closely as it does. Despite occasional glamorizations of products by advertising, the public should appreciate advertising and enjoy the ads for what they are. Advertising should inform and assist the consumer in purchasing a product and not be the only reason one purchases something. Take them for what they're worth; advertisements are good!    Works Cited Berger, John. Ways of Seeing. London: Penguin, 1972: 129-54. Scheidell, John M. Advertising, Prices, and Consumer Reaction. Washington, D.C.: AEI Publishing, 1978. Sutherland, Max. Advertising and the Mind of the Consumer. Sydney: Griffin, 1993.

Define The Concept Of Culture Essay

‘Culture’ is the ways in which a society lives. A culture may share the same religions, beliefs, values, class or status, a culture can dress in a certain way and act in a way that follows the norms of how their society carries out life and what they deem as acceptable, culture can shared by a large group of people or a smaller group within society. For example there are ‘subcultures’, a subculture is a small group which have different way of life opposed to the majority of society; they may dress, talk and act in a different way. An example of subculture is a religious group, being a part of a religion may mean that people that are part of it dress differently, and have different values and ideas on life and live in a different way to the majority in society. Another example of a culture is ‘popular culture’ this is a culture that involves a large majority, and is highly influenced by the media, for example football is a sport that is frequentl y covered by the media by television, radio, news etc. And is a popular sport with a large following; other examples of pop culture are: pop music, bingo and mainstream fashion. Pop culture has a variety of people from different backgrounds being part of the same thing called a common culture which is shared by the masses. ‘High culture’ is another example of a culture that is shared with people and their families from a ‘higher class’. People that are part of the high culture are wealthy and have an ascribed status or come from a family with an ascribed status, meaning that they or the head of the family worked towards their success/wealth. They take part in activities associated with upper class such as: polo, lacrosse, hunting, and watching arts such as operas, ballets, orchestras. High culture attempts not allow people who are not from the same class or have the same status as them to join in with their clubs and activities this is called ‘social closure’ but this is difficult as more people can achieve super rich lifestyles, buying their way into high culture that may of came from a low class background. Pop culture is known as ‘low culture’ as people from ‘high culture’ are meant to be higher compared to them in class and status, th erefore people from low culture would not be wanted in high culture activities.

Battle of Shiloh essays

Battle of Shiloh essays During the night of the April 5, 1862, Confederate commander, Albert S. Johnston, was sound asleep. Throughout his life he had reoccurring dreams in which a unicorn, with the name Shiloh, would appear and foretell what was to transpire within the next twenty-four hours. The unicorn stood tall and majestic with hair snow white and a horn of golden color that shimmered when light touched it. Its eyes were that of one which had seen much and obtained knowledge others couldnt even claim to possess. That night the unicorn appeared in his dreams and enlightened him with such information. It told of what was to take place when he arrived at the Union encampment at Pittsburg Landing, of the Battle that would go on to be called Shiloh, named after a meetinghouse 3 miles from the Landing. Then the unicorn spoke of his death. This was to be the last battle fought by Johnston, and his death was described to him in vivid detail. He woke up in a cold sweat, knowing that what the unicorn had said should be taken seriously because all it speaks of is truth. By that time, the first signs of morning were beginning to take place. The world was starting to wake up. Johnston and his troops headed towards the Union encampment, and upon their arrival they achieved complete surprise which was what the Confederates had anticipated. Due to the fact that neither side had ever fought in a battle in their lives, there was mass confusion. The Rebels were defeating the Federals position one after another, but the Union commander, Ulysses S. Grant , ordered for his troops to block the sunken road, in which the Confederates were traveling on, no matter what. Shots were fired at the Federals, but it did not faze them, at least not until the Confederate army obtained sixty-two cannons and started firing them at point black range down the sunken road. Soon after that monstrosity, the Union troops were forced to surrender. ...

Heat Transfer Essay Example

Heat Transfer Essay Example Heat Transfer Essay Heat Transfer Essay Consider the cylindrical receiver in a solar thermal power plant shown below. The receiver is made of opaque material and has a diameter D = 8m and length L = 14m. At a particular time, the heliostats direct a concentrated solar flux of q†S = 80 kW/m2 onto the receiver. The ambient air has a temperature T( = 300K and there is no wind. Under these conditions, the surface of the receiver has a temperature of Ts = 700K, an emissivity of ( = 0. and a solar absorptivity (S = 0. 8. i) Calculate the heat loss from the vertical surface of the receiver due to convection. Assume effects of curvature are negligible. ii) Calculate the heat loss from the vertical surface of the receiver due to radiative emission. Neglect irradiation from the surroundings. iii) Determine the collector efficiency. iv) If a wind started to blow, what would happen to the surface temperature of the receiver? Would you expect the collector efficiency to increase, decrease or remain the same? Explain your answers. (Note – assume all other conditions remain the same. ) [pic] Question 2 The roof of a refrigerated truck compartment is of composite construction, consisting of a layer of foamed urethane insulation (t2 = 40mm, ki = 0. 03W/mK) sandwiched between aluminium alloy panels (t1 = 6mm, kp = 200W/mK). The length and width of the roof are L = 12m and W = 4m respectively. The temperature of the refrigerated space within the truck is –15? C. The solar absorptivity and the emissivity of the outer surface are (S = 0. 3 and ( = 0. 7. Consider conditions for which the truck is moving at a speed of V = 90km/h, the air temperature is T( = 30? C and the solar irradiation is GS = 900W/m2. Assume turbulent flow over the entire roof. Take the average convection coefficient on the inner surface of the roof to be 0. 5W/m2K. i) Derive an equation for the average temperature of the outer surface Ts,o in the form and hence show that Ts,o ( 302K = 29? C. Assume a film temperature of 300K and neglect irradiation from surroundings. (No marks if your equation is not in the above form) ii) Determine the corresponding heat load imposed on the refrigeration system. iii) The average convection coefficient assumed for the inner surface of the roof is relatively low.

The international banking market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

The international banking market - Essay Example International banking activity continued to expand , propelled by banks' substantial purchases of securities and the return of Japanese banks to the international banking market. The cross-border claims of banks in the reporting area increased by $110 billion .select few, most notably Mexico and Turkey. Another notable development in the first half of the year was a sharp increase in deposit flows from developing countries to international banks, arising from an improvement in the external position of oil-exporting countries.. Interbank activity slowed , as was to be expected following the extraordinary surge in lending to banks in the developed countries in the first quarter. To some extent, banks in the reporting area unwound the large interbank positions that they had built up during the first quarter, with funds moving from banking centres in the euro area to London and then being passed on to Tokyo, Zurich, the Bahamas and the Cayman Islands. Despite flows from banks in the United Kingdom to their branches in the Caribbean, reporting banks' claims vis--vis banks in offshore centres continued to decline in the second quarter. ... According to the consolidated banking statistics, Japanese and UK banks were responsible for most of the increase in reporting banks' claims on US banks Deposits by developing countries soar The ongoing contraction of bank credit to developing countries reflects in part weak demand for external financing. Despite strong growth in many countries, this year developing countries are expected to post their largest current account surplus in two decades. The strengthening external position of oil-exporting countries is responsible for most of the improvement. As well as limiting external financing needs, this improvement contributed to a large increase in developing countries' deposits with foreign banks. Flows to US non-banks surpass those to euro area borrowers Purchases of securities also accounted for most of the $57 billion rise in claims on non-bank borrowers in the second quarter. More recent data on syndicated credits show a surge in lending to telecom firms, suggesting that direct lending to non-banks in Europe may have also recovered. Banks in the reporting area continued to purchase substantial amounts of securities issued by non-bank borrowers in Europe. Nevertheless, international bank flows to non-banks in the euro area more than halved to $20 billion, Banks resident in the United Kingdom and the euro area, which had provided massive sums to non-bank borrowers in Banks' cross-border claims on non-banks in the United States have increased since late 1999. Renewed lending by Japanese banks was funded in part through the international interbank market. Taking into account changes in both assets and liabilities, reporting banks moved upwards of $59 billion into banks in Japan in the second quarter, the largest increase in years. Further

Principles of perioperative nursing care - Management of postoperative Essay

Principles of perioperative nursing care - Management of postoperative pain - Essay Example tient, family members and other health-care professionals to help plan, implement and evaluate treatment Perioperative registered nurses provide surgical patient care by assessing, planning, and implementing the nursing care patients receive before, during and after surgery. The activities included in perioperative nursing care includes patient assessment, creating and maintaining a sterile and safe surgical environment, pre- and post-operative patient education, monitoring the patient’s physical and emotional well-being, and integrating and coordinating patient care throughout the surgical care continuum.  (Tramer, 2006) This assignment, deals with a particular selected aspect of perioperative patient care (among the multifaceted duties), â€Å"The patient experience – Postoperative pain†. This essay ravels through the dealing with pain, its path physiology, post operative main, its management, role of nurse in post operative pain management, role of patients and in the conclusion, deals with how changes brought in educational, managerial or nursing, that could be considered/ implemented to affect the improvement of quality care. The knowledge of pain is essential successful management of it. According to the International Association of for the Study of Pain, (IASP), pain is defined as an unpleasant experience in both emotional and sensory way that is described in term of actual or potential tissue damage. They further describe that the pain is subjective and each individual experiences the meaning of the term through early experiences. The pain can be further at micro levels be understood as a experience that comprises of sensory, emotional and cognitive components , with its expression and management, biological, psychological and social factors interacting in complex ways. Though it could be understood that pain is basically a physiological phenomenon, whose biological function is to provoke special reactive patterns that aims the removal/avoidance of