Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Factors That Influence Communication Essay

There are different ways that the environment can affect communication. For example: Noise – A noisy environment can mean road works, loud music, and transportation. Setting – Pictures, signs, decorations and poor lighting can distract people which makes them lose focus. Time – Meeting at the wrong time and phone calls at the wrong time can affect communication. Space – Overcrowded places for example corridors, public transport, offices and stores can affect communication. Distance can also affect communication, if people are trying to communicate and there is a gap between them it can cause a communication barrier. Barriers There are also lots of barriers that can affect communication. For example: Types of communication: difficult, complex or sensitive: Most communication between people is about sharing or transmitting information. For example, someone might want to know what number bus to catch, or they may ask for a drink. At times communication will be complex. For example, a relative might want to know about funding arrangements for care. Communication about funding might involve a lot of complex information. It would be important to check what that relative already knew and whether or not they understood the information that was given. Cultural Influence Culture refers to the customs, language, arts, common dietary habits and attire of a particular region. It also includes the learned values, beliefs and behaviours common to a group of individuals. Culture and communication are inseparable. This means that culture can be a strong barrier to interpersonal communication between people of different cultures. Individuals from different cultural backgrounds often carry an attitude that their own culture is superior to that of others. This attitude hampers interpersonal communication between two individuals or groups from different cultural backgrounds. Individuals who are ethnocentric in nature often are under the impression that anyone who does not belong to their group is either strange or inferior. This perception also prevents healthy social and political communication between two groups. Power Power is the ability to influence others and have strong self-control under  complex circumstances. All interpersonal communication or interactions reflect some form of power, which may be obvious or hidden. Obvious power refers to people who occupy a higher position in business or government and have to communicate with their employees or subjects. People in power positions may exert their power on individuals who are not equally competent, and this inequality could act as a barrier to effective communication.

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Employment Law Essay

The main issue under consideration in this case is whether a claim under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA) can be subjected to compulsory arbitration pursuant to an arbitration agreement in a securities registration application. Gilmer contends that it is not. Among the arguments raised by Gilmer are: a) the compulsory arbitration of claims under the ADEA pursuant to arbitration agreement is inconsistent with the purpose of the Federal Arbitration Agreement; b) the compulsory arbitration of claims will undermine the role of the EEOC in enforcing the ADEA; c) compulsory arbitration will deprive the claimant of the judicial forum provided for by the ADEA; d) compulsory arbitration should not be countenanced because of the inherent inequality in the bargaining power between the employers and the employees. The Supreme Court affirmed the judgment of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit holding that an ADEA claim may be subjected to compulsory arbitration. The Supreme Court ruled that it does not see any inconsistency between the purpose of FAA and the enforcement of agreements to arbitrate under age discrimination claims. The Sherman Act, the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, RICO, and the Securities Act of 1933 all are designed to advance important public policies but claims under these statutes may still be subjected to compulsory arbitration. Also, it is incorrect to argue that compulsory arbitration will undermine the role of EEOC in enforcing the ADEA because a claimant subject to arbitration agreement is still free to file a charge with the EEOC. Further, compulsory arbitration agreements will not deprive the claimants of their right to seek judicial recourse under ADEA rather it even broadens the right of the claimants as they now have the right to select the forum for resolving their disputes whether judicial or otherwise. Mere inequality in the bargaining power between the employer and the employee is not sufficient to hold that arbitration agreements should not be enforceable as it is precisely the purpose of FAA to place arbitration agreements in the same footing as other contracts. In effect, the Gilmer case required claimants who are under compulsory arbitration agreements to comply with the said agreements before they seek judicial recourse even if it involves a claim under the ADEA. In the dissenting opinion of Justice Stevens, he argued that arbitration clauses contained in employment agreements are specifically exempt from coverage of the FAA thus respondent corporation cannot compel petitioner to submit his claims arising under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA) to compulsory arbitration. One of the arguments raised is that the requirement of compulsory arbitration between the petitioner and the respondent is not embodied in the contract of employment. In fact it was admitted by both parties that there was no contract of employment between them. Instead, the Compulsory Arbitration clause was embodied only in Gilmer’s application for registration before the NYSE. Moreover even if there was a contract of employment, the FAA should be not held to apply to employment-related disputes between employees and employers. It would be contrary to the spirit of the FAA to allow the same people who have practiced discrimination against an employee to bargain with them for the purpose of settling their disputes. I agree with the majority opinion. In the first place, the injured party in discrimination suits is the employee. As the injured party, they have the freedom to seek judicial recourse for the purpose of obtaining relief for the damage done to them. However, they also have the freedom to opt for other alternatives. In an effort to settle their dispute with their employers, they may choose to enter into arbitration. Indeed, it would be more in keeping with the laissez faire doctrine to allow both the employers and the employees to settle their dispute among themselves.

Monday, July 29, 2019

Problems Of Using Computers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Problems Of Using Computers - Essay Example Further, employees could not adhere to complying with deadlines because the computers are running slow with the lack of memory on these systems. The current computer software is out of date and causes the problem of accessing important documents sent to them from other important clients. The IT department’s evaluation found out that the business is suffering from the lack of updates on current technology. We, as members of the IT department, therefore suggest that computer systems should be updated so employees could perform their job more efficiently and also enable an increase in the productivity of the company. This would result in substantial improvement on the financial status of the business as a whole. Problems The following problems have been noted from the current computers: (1) Lack of memory and therefore lack of storage capacity for data. The effects of this problem are as follows: (a) employees to bring personal hard drives to work to enable them to complete their daily tasks on time; (b) work is completed at a slower pace for the employees because they are spending half there day waiting for data to be uploaded. (c) most of the data on these computers is important information for the company and should not be deleted. (2) The current software on these computers is out of date. ... If new computers were purchased, new software comes installed with the computers and all the current problems would be solve associated with the current computer systems. Proposed Solution The proposed solution is to buy new computers from Dell at a cost of $1400 per computer. The new computers are faster, have greater memory, and the quoted price includes new versions of the software. In addition, the new computers have larger monitors. Dell will send automatic updates yearly to the new software if the new hardware is purchased. In addition, the old computers can be given to Friendly Elementary School in the Long Beach Unified School District. You’ve spoke n to Mr. Robert Gonzales, Principal of Friendly School, and their facilities people will come pick up the old computers. This would mean a tax write-off for Good Day Real Estate, as well as good public relations for Good Day, Inc. The new computers could arrive within 30 working days of being ordered. The Good Day IT personnel know how to install the computers. Packing of the old computers, unpacking the new computers, and installing the new computers would take four days. Methodology Purchasing these computers from Dell ensures the company up to date software every year free. This will allow employees to have plenty of memory to perform their job at more productive levels. There is enough memory on the new computers to solve the defined problems and personal devices will no longer be needed to perform daily tasks within the company.

Sunday, July 28, 2019

Create a moral compass for characters of The Apprenticeship of Duddy Article

Create a moral compass for characters of The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz - Article Example Max is an experienced man who is described as a real good teacher, and his pieces of advice are useful for Duddy. Simcha is, perhaps, the most positive character in the story, as his good intentions toward Duddy’s success characterize him as more related to goodness. Benjy and Ida are related more to evil, as their attitude to life was complicated by their childlessness. Mr. MacPherson is relevant to goodness as he tried to teach through pure knowledge and personal example rather than through corporal punishment. Hersh positions himself as a positive character struggling for peace and harmony. Jerry Dingleman is a negative character as he is tied up to the criminal and drug-smuggling activity along with other lawless activities. Mr. Cohen is driven by immoral virtues in life, as the main target for taking off. Mr. Calder is a man spoilt by his richness; he loses the idea of humane due to that fact. Being an owner of a hotel, Rubin is driven by positive intentions and virtues o f his soul. Irwin is definitely driven by negative virtues as he cheats Duddy and sees no other way to grow rich than to betray and let people down. Cuckoo has good traits of character and aims himself at working and living in peace and harmony. Linda is spoiled and she is really bad in her moral compass as she always tries to make a dirty trick to her friends.

Saturday, July 27, 2019

Technology integration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Technology integration - Essay Example AT&T is a telecommunication company that offers a wide variety of products and services to Americans. The following factors has made the company’s success in the integration of technology. AT&T Company is well known in contacting immense research at all times. This enables them to capture a broad range of customers which determines their profit at the end of the day. The company has an extremely qualified research team that embarks on constant research work and working close with the product designers, and they can come up with the latest products meeting the customer’s needs (Yee and Oh, 2013). The company is working on the internet of things and bringing new technological gadgets beefed up with 3 & 4G networks which make the users download products from websites in few seconds. These products are as a result of constant R&D, that the company has heavily invested. AT&T Company has the best innovative team that has ever been known in history. They constantly keep innovating so as to meet the rising needs and even goes to the extent of making products which make the life of the user even more comfortable. The company also achieves this through the issuance of patents which makes its team broader. From their official website, the company in the year 2014 issued at least one patent a day, and that has seen them have over 10000 patents issued in various parts of the world. In this case, the company will always have state-of-the-art technology at all times ensuring new and improved products to meet a broad range of customer needs (Iansiti, 1998). It is very true when a company becomes very aggressive in the above-discussed sectors of constant innovation and R&D, it will undoubtedly succeed. AT&T Company not only utilizes the two aspects, but also works out with mergers and acquisition that makes the company widen its

Pop Art and Harlem Renaissance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pop Art and Harlem Renaissance - Essay Example Harlem Renaissance was characterized by an overt racial pride that was representing the New Negro idea, who believed through production and intellect of music, art, and literature could challenge the pervading stereotypes and racism to foster socialist or progressive politics, social, and racial integration (Wintz, 2007). The movement sought to break free of bourgeois shame and Victorian moral values about lives’ aspects that may be seen by the whites as reinforcing racist beliefs. It should be noted that a specific school of thought did not dominate the Harlem Renaissance; instead, it was characterized by intense debate that laid the groundwork for subsequent African American art. It attracted a remarkable concentration of talent and intellect and served as an inspiration of cultural awakening. Pop Art Renaissance happened in the mid twentieth century, in the late 1950s in the United States and earlier on in the mid-1950s in Britain. The history of pop art in the Great Britai n and North America developed differently. In the Great Britain, its origin can be traced in the post-war period and employed parody and irony. It was more academic focusing on the dynamic and paradoxically imagery of the American Popular culture as manipulative, powerful symbolic devices that was not only improving society’s prosperity, but also affected patterns of life (Wilkins and Zaczek, 2005). The precursor to the pop art Renaissance in Britain was the formation of the Independent Group in 1952 in London. This group was a gathering of young architects, critics, painters, writers, and sculptors who were challenging modernist approaches that were prevailing to culture and traditional fine art views. The discussions of this group revolved around the

Friday, July 26, 2019

Shawow the leader-Leadership Course Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Shawow the leader-Leadership Course - Essay Example In order to learn more about leadership qualities, I decided to shadow an administration manager of a company with her permission and the details of my observations and analysis is explained in this paper. The administration manager whom I shadowed was a lady in her forties. She has taken his MBA degree in administration from a major university and apart from that she has completed some diploma courses also in administration before joining a company as HR executive. She joined her present company around two years before as an administration manager and made lot of changes in the administration areas of the company. In fact, her innovative strategies helped the company to increase the productivity of the workers. Earlier, the company was suffering a lot because of the shortage of talented employees. After the appointment of this lady administration manager, the recruitment and retention strategies improved a lot and the relationship between the company and the employees was also strengthened. One of my friends working in the above company along with this lady administration manager and with the help of him I succeeded in getting the permission of this administration manager for an interview and the subsequent shadow process. My first question was about her leadership philosophy. In reply, she explained that she values the relationships between the managers and the subordinates a lot. In her opinion, no manager can function effectively if he/she fails to establish warm relationship with the subordinates. She has explained that when the relationships between the manager and the subordinates are of highest quality, the goals of the leader, the subordinates or the followers and that of the organization advance a lot. She has made it clear that relationship building is the core of success for everything in the current organizational climate. My second question was about the qualities of a good leader. In her opinion, good

Thursday, July 25, 2019

Geology Week 9 questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Geology Week 9 questions - Essay Example In the beginning, the shortages would cause inconveniences. Gas stations would run out of fuel. When gas was available, the prices would be outrageous. Plastic products would become rarer. A change would occur, but not easily. Green powered energy would become the new business. In the end, Americans would produce the energy needed as history has shown. 2. Investigate how geophysicist M. King Hubbert predicted in 1956 that annual U.S. oil production would peak in the early 1970s (the actual peak occurred in 1971). Also, investigate the debate over whether the same predictive technique can be applied to world oil supplies. When do you think world oil production will reach its peak—or has it done so already? Hubbert was a geologist. He predicted that oil would peak. His (Hubbert 1958) rationalization was it took 500 million years for the oil reserve to be formed. The reserve was limited. Oil would peak and then decline depending on usage. He also based his prediction on coal. The figures of coal production, peaking, and finally declining was a basis of part of his prediction. Hubbert (1958) used the following calculations with t standing for time is t=0 at the beginning and at first t equals a finite limit to reserves that are in a specific amount. The t will peak and eventually go back to 0. Using a complicated calculus formula that only a true mathematician could understand, he came up with the following chart: Hubbert was scoffed at for this prediction. Short term people would laugh and say oil would run out far in the future. Hubbert did not base his predication on feelings or emotions, he used a formula. He could prove what he was saying. It is looking like Hubbert was the only smart one that could face reality. 3. Many hydrothermal mineral deposits of copper, gold, silver, and other metals have been found in the countries bordering the Pacific Ocean. Can you offer an explanation for this remarkable concentration? If you were

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Public Administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Public Administration - Essay Example Other contract based facilities housed a total of 12,558 inmates according to the latest statistics (BOP, 2012). A majority of the offenders are confined in correctional facilities and detention centers run by the Bureau while the rest are confined in local and private correctional facilities in accordance with the agreements entered into by these institutions with the BOP. The Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) aims to safeguard the interests of the society by confining offenders in controlled environments of prisons and other correctional facilities which are safe, cost-effective and secure and which offer the inmates an opportunity to strive for self-improvement and become law-abiding citizens post their term. However, the prison system in the U.S. despite its noble mission is plagued with several setbacks such as overcrowding, racial and ethnic disparities, persistence of unhealthy living environment of the inmates, issues related to health and inmate care, insufficient staffing, et c among others (Department of Justice, 2012). Key Policy Issues: The American Prison system has persistently faced the problem of overcrowding resulting in a rapid deterioration of conditions of confinement for the prisoners, rise in staffing issues, and a significant negative impact on the state budget. According to Sidlow and Henschen (2008) one of the key causes responsible for overcrowding in American prisons is the war on drugs and the legislations following the same. In a desperate move by the government to curb illegal substance abuse laws regarding incarceration of the offenders were strengthened, which ultimately resulted in a rapid rise in number of inmates arrested for the said offence. The rise in number of inmates in turn lead to a subsequent rise in budget spending required for construction and maintenance of correctional facilities as well as staffing. According to latest statistics America holds the record for housing the world’s largest number of inmates and the highest per capita rate of incarceration (The Economist, 2012). The excessive incarceration rates in the country triggered a humanitarian crisis due to ever increasing prisoners and shortage of space. Another persistent problem faced by the prison system is the racial and ethnic disparity in incarceration. The wide racial divide is far more apparent in the American justice system with African Americans having the largest incarceration rates and Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders as the lowest (Hartney & Vuong, 2009; Mauer, 2009). Comprehensive Review: For the purpose of this study three articles are reviewed which are discussed below: 1. Dead or Alive? The Federalism Revolution and Its Meaning for Public Administration by Robert K. Christensen, Charles R. Wise Prisons in the United States operate under laws framed by the respective states and the offenders are punished and incarcerated in accordance with the laws applicable under their jurisprudence. However, a clash between state and federal laws, may significantly influence the decision making by the public managers and affect the system of public administration in general. The authors have cited the historical 2005 Raich decision whereby the court held that "federal controlled Substances Act did not exceed the Congress's power to prohibit the use of medicinal marijuana, which was otherwise legal under the California law" (Christensen & Wise,

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

The technology of cloning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The technology of cloning - Essay Example Cloning is the phenomenon whereby an identical copy of a living creature can be created by man. "The process of making a clone, a genetically identical copy. Cloning can refer to the technique of producing a genetically identical copy of an organism by replacing the nucleus of an unfertilized ovum with the nucleus of a body cell from the organism." (MedicineNet.com, 2012) The cloning technology involves asexual production of an egg which does not have nuclear material. It is mainly the artificial fusion of a non sexual cell with an egg. The resultant is the production of a younger identical organism which is the exact twin of the earlier organism. A physician Lewis Thomas terms human cloning as, "The  cloning of humans is on most of the lists of things to worry about from Science, along with behavior control, genetic engineering, transplanted heads, computer poetry and the unrestrained growth of plastic flowers." (SearchQuotes, 2012) The process sounds relatively very simple but it is a hard fact that the execution of this process involve many complications. It is not only the complications in the processing that are a source of an issue. The main problems are the pre-requisites that need to be settled prior to the processing. On one hand there is a belief that cloning could be extremely beneficial for the human race and would bring cure to many untreated ailments. One the other hand, one school of thought argues that the concept of cloning is against the well being of the society and should completely be eliminated. Others even maintain that cloning could become a menace to the society if left un attended. So it should only be restricted to secret services and should only be used for the well being of the security and safety of the human race as a whole. My views on this topic are that since cloning is such an advanced technology its benefits should be hailed by every individual on this planet. Then only would it be possible to get benefitted by it as a soci ety. When it comes to the sanctity and survival of the human race most of us readily agree that for the survival of the human race severe steps should be taken and any technology should be modified for the betterment of the entire human race and preserved so that it can be benefitted from in times of need. There are several advantages associated with cloning. Some of them are discussed as follows: The concept of human cloning is particularly of use when it comes to the handling of the matter of fertility in human beings. Any genetic defects or any accidental damage caused to genetic organisms, any genetic defects present at the time of birth, or accidental exposure to radiation or toxic substances may result in infertility. Cloning is one of the many technologies that assist in the overcoming of the problem of infertility. Around twelve million Americans are infertile at the age of child bearing. Years of medical treatment cannot result in satisfactory remedies to infertility. It is for such infertile couples that human cloning comes s a sigh of relief. With the help of cloning such couples can dream of happening their own offspring and they would not have to undergo years of continuous and painful treatments to get able to bear an offspring. The thought of having their own biological offspring, at the cost of no uneasiness and complex medical treatment at all would eventually result in the diminishing of clinical depression, inclination towards, suicide, divorce and madness among infertile individuals. A school of thought might maintain that gene therapy is present to cure

Monday, July 22, 2019

Cultural Identity Interview and Analysis Essay Example for Free

Cultural Identity Interview and Analysis Essay An interview with a member of the Mexican American community was conducted on December 1st, 2007. This research will provide a summary of that interview; particularly, it will include a description of the rules, norms, traditions, and values of Mexican American culture. The research will also discuss: a) how the assumptions regarding cultural norms affect the interviewee’s behavior in his daily life; b) any disadvantages related to his culture being outside â€Å"the norm† and how he reacts to that; c) any advantages related to being assimilated to the â€Å"normative† culture and how he reacts; d) his sources of strength or support; e) an analysis of the four dimension theory and how it relates to the interviewee’s life. Finally, the research will provide some insight on how one can effectively communicate with people of other cultures. In fact, communication with various members that belong to other ethnic groups (i. e. Arab Americans, Hispanic Americans, African Americans, etc) may be difficult some at times because of the cultural difference that exists between the groups. Jose Luis Aguilar was born in Tijuana, Mexico on January 7th, 1972. Mexican is the ethnic group he belongs. He lived in Mexico for 29 years. In 2001, he immigrated in Los Angeles, California. Job opportunities, presence of family members, and the presence of a massive Mexican community were the factors that brought him to immigrate into the United States. Mexican Americans are the largest Hispanic or Latino ethnic group in the United States. According to the 2000 Census, approximately 20 million Hispanic or Latinos of the 35 million in the United States are Mexican Americans (U. S. Census, 2000). Mr. Aguilar’s native language is Spanish. However, during the past years spent in California, he was able to learn basic English, although it remains a second language as the majority of the Mexican American who live in the United States. Richard Schaefer stated â€Å"as of 2002, about 23 percent of Mexican Americans are English dominant, 26 percent are bilingual, and 51 percent are Spanish dominant† (Schaefer, 2006, p. 241). Mr. Aguilar’s religion is Catholic. Indeed, Mexican Americans represent â€Å"the largest number of Catholic immigrants to the United States comes from Mexico; Mexico also sends the largest number of Protestant immigrants to the United States† (Murray, 2006). Mr. Aguilar is married. He has a 1 year-old son. Aguilar’s family has a patriarchal organization as the same as other many Mexican American families have. According to Kathleen Niska, Mexican Americans Families â€Å"continuity was characterized by mothers doing tasks inside the house, fathers doing tasks outside the house, and both parents performing toddler and early childhood tasks† (Niska, 2001). One of the Mexican traditions that Mr. Aguilar mentioned during the interview was â€Å"quinceanera†. This ritual is celebrated in church when women reach the age of 15 to thank God that they arrived to this stage of their lives. Similar to a wedding day celebration, the celebration of a girls fifteenth birthday is a major event in most Hispanic girls’ lives as it means that she begins her journey to adulthood (Mattel, 2001). They are ready to get married. The ritual of quinceanera is viewed not only as a gesture to strengthen faith and family but also as a means to prevent teen pregnancies. A quinceanera also allows for sending a message of sexual responsibility (NC Times, 2008). Mr. Aguilar is an independent contractor mainly for real estate management companies. He provides general maintenance services at $10 an hour. So far, he had limited choices regarding the jobs (e. g. janitorial, landscaping, and maintenance) he could do since he moved into United States. Lack of education and his pending status with INS (he has not received his green card yet, work permit only) were the obstacles that did not allow him to obtain better paid jobs. According to David Spener, â€Å"Mexican immigrant workers play an important economic role inside the United States as well. They constitute a significant portion (8 percent) of the total U. S. manufacturing work force† (Spener, 2000). Mexican Americans are usually have been seen by American companies as â€Å"cheap labor†. Mr. Aguilar shared that members of his culture had been affected by any form of racism, prejudice or discrimination. In particular, he pointed out the bilingualism issue and the tension that the proposition 227 created among his community. Proposition 227 went into effect in 1998 and required that all public school instruction had to be in English. A) How do assumptions about cultural â€Å"norms† impact your interviewee’s behavior on a day-to-day basis? Mr. Aguilar pointed out how one particular assumption regarding Mexican Americans culture affects his life on a day-to-day basis. He mentioned that one of his cousins was a gang member; he was killed months ago. A popular assumption is that Mexican American gang membership is generational which means the membership from a father to a son or from a family member to another one. Therefore, based on this assumption, people believe that he is a gang member. So, Mr. Aguilar’s behavior is direct to prevent anything that may mislead people in this sense, e. g. wearing red or blue, or specific clothing, or having tattoos. B) Does your interviewee recognize any challenges or disadvantages related to her/his culture being outside the â€Å"norm†? How does he/she respond to those challenges? Similar to several other fellow Mexican Americans, Mr. Aguilar is able to communicate in his native language without learning English properly. In fact, Spanish language is commonly spoken in the city of Los Angeles. Almost every place (grocery stores, restaurants, public offices, and so forth) has signs and directions in Spanish language. This massive promotion of Mr. Aguilar’s native language in the United States encouraged by Mass Media represents a disadvantage. Radio and television have also been factors that allowed Mexican Americans, as Mr. Aguilar, to maintain their original cultural values. In fact, in 2004, there were over 678 Spanish language radio stations compared to 1982, when there were 12 Spanish language television stations in the United States. This number more than doubled within 10 years. Several artists (e. g. Jennifer Lopez or Shakira) helped to promote their cultures by singing in their traditional languages (Jandt, 2007). Mr. Aguilar has responded to this challenge by enrolling himself in an adult school in order to improve his English. However, as of today, he is still struggling to write, read and speak English fluently. C) Does your interviewee recognize any privileges or advantages associated with assimilating to the â€Å"normative† culture? How does he/she react to that recognition? Mr. Aguilar recognized that being assimilated to the â€Å"normative† culture has some advantages. In particular, he stated that a positive aspect is that immigrants learn the language of the â€Å"normative† culture; they are able to avoid any form of isolation and segregation. Furthermore, these immigrants likely will not face any prejudice from the dominant society as he experienced during his stay in the United States. During the interview Mr. Aguilar recalled a few family acquaintances with 3rd generation sons and daughters who had an adaptation in the American culture different compared to their parents. In fact, they were able to go to school, learn the language, get a college education, and obtain a good job. They became a part of the American culture. In fact, they celebrate the 4th of July and the Thanksgiving, which are truly American holidays. They also had to learn about professional sports other than Mexican soccer. He now is also watching baseball, basketball, and American football games. D) What does that person cite as being sources of strength or support? Mr. Aguilar cited church and family as his sources of strength or support. As many others fellow Mexicans Americans, Mr. Aguilar gives exceptional importance to religion and family on a day-to-day basis; he is very active in his community especially with humanitarian initiative promoted by his catholic church. Mr. Aguilar is very family orientated. He tries to spend as much time as possible with his family; it may be common to see him doing business with his families around. E) An analysis of the four dimension theory and how it relates to the interviewee’s life A theory from the course that was well related to Mr. Aguilar’s interview is the â€Å"four dimensions of culture† by Geert Hofstede. Particularly, Aguilar’s interview confirmed that in the Mexican culture masculinity is predominant, mostly due its history. Mexican families were mainly patriarchal therefore men were in charge of the family; they were working to provide money and food while women were at home taking care of the children. Mexican culture is based more on collectivism due mainly to the fact that more people with financial difficulties seek to one another for help or gather together (e. g. two or three families living in the same apartment). Power distance is embodied in the Mexican culture. Mexico is a developing country with significant financial problems. The difference between people (e. g. poor and rich people) is well marked. Finally, the fourth dimension, uncertainty avoidance, is correlated to religion and history of the cultures (Jandt, 2007). Roman Catholic Christian cultures and cultures with Romance languages (e. g. Mexico) tend to score high. In conclusion, communication with various members that belong to other ethnic groups may be difficult at times because of the cultural difference that exists between the groups. However, inclusive language can be an effective way to communicate with such members. Mr. Aguilar and the interviewer are from different culture backgrounds. There were times during the interview where inclusive language was used to avoid miscommunication. Choosing the right words when communicating with members who have different backgrounds may help to prevent miscommunication that may end up stereotyping them on the basis of race, gender, disability, religion, or other factors. Furthermore, conducting research and gathering information on members with different backgrounds may help not only to overcome language issues but also can assist people in becoming more culturally sensitive. References Jandt, F. E. (2007). An introduction to intercultural communication (5th ed. ). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Mattel Inc. (2001, May). Happy fifteenth quinceanera barbie ®! mattels girls division launches first hispanic-tradition theme barbie ® doll. Retrieved on January 11, 2008 from http://www. shareholder. com/mattel/news/20010515-43065.cfm Murray, B. (2006, January). Latino Religion in the U. S. : Demographic Shifts and Trends. Retrieved on August 19, 2007 from http://www. facsnet. org/issues/faith/espinosa. php Niska, K. (2001). Mexican American Family Survival, Continuity, and Growth: The Parental Perspective. Retrieved on August 19, 2007 from http://nsq. sagepub. com/cgi/content/abstract/14/4/322 NC Times. com (2008, January). For Latino Catholics, Quinceanera ritual provides lessons on faith, family - and sex. Retrieved on January 11, 2008 from http://www. nctimes. com/articles/2008/01/05/faith/17_56_271_3_08. txt Schaefer, R. T. (2006). Racial and Ethnic Groups. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Spener D. (2000). Mexican labor at the center of North American economic integration. Retrieved on August 19, 2007 from http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_qa3688/is_200007/ai_n8892489 U. S. Census Bureau (2000). Profile of General Demographic Characteristics:2000. Retrieved on August 19, 2007 from http://factfinder. census. gov/servlet/QTTable? _bm=y- geo_id=01000US-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_DP1-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U.

Aquatic Biomes and Tropical Rainforest Essay Example for Free

Aquatic Biomes and Tropical Rainforest Essay An aquatic biome is an ecological community dominated by water. This biome can be broken down into two categories: oFreshwater, which includes rivers, streams, ponds, lakes and freshwater wetland. oMarine or saltwater, which includes oceans, seas, estuaries, coral reefs and saltwater wetland. Each of these aquatic ecosystems can be defined by variables such as temperature, the presence or absence of light, and the availability of nutrients. Aquatic biomes cover almost all the world (around 75% of the surface) and only 3% of them are freshwaters. Freshwater ecosystems This ecosystem is defined as having a low salt concentration of less than 1%. It helps to make up all the different animals’ life in this planet. Ponds and lakes range in size from few yards to thousands miles across, and they are divided into the littoral zone, limnetic zone and the profundal zone. The littoral zone is the part of the lake or pond which is shallow and located near the shoreline. In this zone there is abundant light, nutrients and plants. Those plants provide protection and food for animals, insects and crustaceans. The limnetic zone is offshore, where the water is deep and it receives enough sunlight to support life. There are tiny forms of life called as phytoplankton, which are tiny plant forms, and zooplankton, which are tiny animal forms. Those tiny forms of life lead to bigger animals’ life such as fish, which feed from those planktons. The profundal zone is beneath the limnetic zone, where it doesn’t receive light to sustain plants’ life. The organisms that die from above this zone settle down and are being eaten by decomposers. Because ponds and lakes are isolated from other bodies of water, they don’t have new species of animals or plant, or it is limited. Streams and rivers are defined by the flow of water in one direction. The source of these regions can be the snowmelt from the mountains, runoff of rains, or the outflows of a lake. They flow until they empty into another body of water and they usually lead ultimately to oceans. The flow of water of streams and rivers changes as it moves. At high elevations (mountains), the water’s flow moves swiftly and makes them clear and oxygenated. As it moves slower, it allows a more diversity of plants and animals. Because the water’s flow moves slowly, it carries more sediment and there is less oxygen in the water. Wetlands are standing water’s regions that support aquatic life. Wetlands can receive many names such as swamps, marshes and bogs. Marine or saltwater This ecosystem is defined by its high salt concentration. Oceans are the large aquatic ecosystem that dominates the Earth’s surface. It is divided into four zones: the intertidal zone, the pelagic zone, the benthic zone and the abyssal zone. The intertidal zone is the area that is covered and uncovered with the rising and falling of tides. Because of this, the communities are constantly changing and most of the living organisms live only where the high tides reach. The pelagic zone is the area away from the lands, which is the open ocean. This zone receives little sunlight and it has abundant plankton, which feed animals such as whales. In this zone, there are still some plants anchored to the bottom of the shore. The benthic zone is beneath the pelagic zone and it doesn’t receive sunlight, which makes it darker and colder. The abyssal zone is the deepest area beneath the benthic zone. This area is very cold, it has a great pressure, but it has a low nutrient level. Coral reefs are abundant in tropical water and it consists of a barrier of corals, anemones, and algae. The sunlight penetrates this area, which makes the water clearer and allows a diversity of living organisms. Estuaries are those areas in which freshwater merge with the ocean. This supports animals such as oysters, worms, and crabs; and supports plants such as algae and seaweeds. Tropical Rainforest Biome This is the most diverse terrestrial biome on Earth. It has a warm and moist environment and is dominated by broadleaf evergreen trees. The combination of constant warmth and moisture makes the tropical rainforest a great environment for many plants and animals, which made this biome as the only one that contains the greatest biodiversity in the world. Because of the great quantity of trees in this biome, the soil is infertile and acidic. This is because when an organism decomposes in the soil, the plants absorb it quickly for their quick grow and survival. This biome has several layers of vegetation. The tallest trees reach approximately 50 meters; below them there is a continuous canopy of treetop of approximately 40 meters. And the lower level is composed by small plants, mosses, and fungi. Most of the fauna in this biome is arboreal because the food near the ground is scarce.

Sunday, July 21, 2019

Digestive System of a Pig

Digestive System of a Pig Learning objectives: After you have studied this chapter, you should: Get a fundamental understanding of the porcine digestive tract Describe the essential digestive processes Understand the role of the digestive organs in digestion and absorption 1. Introduction (HNL/MSH) 2. Anatomy of the digestive system (HNL) The anatomy the porcine digestive tract has been described and illustrated in detail by others (e.g. Sisson, 1975, Moran, 1982)[1] and will only be briefly described in the current chapter. The digestive system of the pig is fundamentally similar to all other monogastric mammals, but the evolutionary development in size and digestive capacity reflects greatly the habitual diet. Pigs are true omnivores but with a large fraction of the diet coming from plant material. As such they have a great capacity to digest enzyme degradable carbohydrates in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract, and a well-developed ecosystem in the large intestine to partly ferment and utilize fibrous material. 2.1 Mouth and salivary glands The pig is born with 8 deciduous teeth increasing to 32 with age. The complete set of permanent teeth consists of 44 teeth with 3 pairs of incisors, 1 pair of canines, 4 pair of premolars, and 3 pair of molars, which are usually not fully acquired until 18 months of age[2]. The oral cavity is lined with a simple stratified squamous epithelium, and saliva is mainly secreted from 3 large glands; the parotid glands, the mandibular glands, and the sublingual glands. Major ducts from the parotid and mandibular glands transport saliva to the oral cavity, while the sublingual glands have multiple openings beneath the tongue. In addition, a number of small glands with a number of excretory ducts are present in the mouth.[3] After leaving the mouth, food enters the pharynx and oesophagus. The pharynx is long and narrow. The esophagus is short and covered with stratified squamous epithelium. Beneath the epithelium, a number of submucosal glands are located. Their function is to secrete mucin a nd bicarbonate, to neutralize luminal acid and protect the epithelium[4]. 2.2 The stomach The stomach of the pigs consists of a simple compartment that is divided into 4 functionally and structurally different regions. The pars oesophagea is a non-glandular extension of the esophagus into the proper stomach. Ulceration ulcerous autodigestion of the cutaneous mucosa of the pars esophagea is a common phenomenon in swine production and develops from a complex interaction of dietary particle size, gastric fluidity, dietary carbohydrate content, presence of gastric organisms, and environmental stress factors. Next to the pars oesophagea is the glandular cardia, which in contrast to most other species is very large and occupies approximately one third of the stomach luminal surface. The fundic, or proper gastric, region is located between the cardiac and pyloric region. All three contain secretory glands located in so-called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"gastric pits. Structurally, they are similar, but they contain different cell types. The major surface of the stomach and lining of the pits are covered with surface mucous cells, that produce thick, tenacious mucus to protect the epithelium against injure from acid and grinding activity. The gastric pits of the fundic mucosa contain HCl-producing parietal cells that are clustered in the neck of the gland. Distributed between these cells are mucous neck cells that produce thin mucus and proteases. As the only cells of the stomach lining, mucous neck cells divide and migrate either down into the gland or up into the pits and differentiate into any of the mature cell types. Pepsinogen-producing chief cells are located at the base of the fundic glands. In addition, the fundic mucosa also contain endocrine/paracrine somatostatin producing D cells, seretonin producing EC cells, and histamine producing histamine-immunoreactive cells and mast cells (lamina propria) The cardiac glands have mucous cells that produce mucus, proteases and gastric lipase. The pyloric glands contain gastrin producing G-cells and somatostatin producing D-cells, but the dominating cells are the mucous cells. They do contain mucous neck cells that produce mucus and proteases and zymogen producing chief cells but have no parietal cells. [5] 2.2.1 Size and capacity of the stomach In suckling pigs the pars esophagea, cardic, fundic and pyloric regions represents about 6, 30, 44 and 20 % of the total mucosal area, respectively, while on weight basis the cardia represents only 20 % but the fundic region 56 % of total mucosa weight. The weight of the stomach represents 0.5-0.8 % of body weight in suckling pigs and between 1-1.3 % in growing pigs. In adult pigs the stomach accounts for approximately 0.6 % of total body weight. The capacity range from 0.03 l in the new born to approximately 3.5 l in slaughter pigs, and 5 l in adults, while under pressure the capacity under increases to 8 and 12 l for slaughter and adult pigs, respectively. A number of studies have shown that the bulk of the diet can influence the subsequent capacity of the stomach. [6] 2.3 The pancreas[7] The pancreas is located in proximal duodenum. The body of the pancreas separates in the two lobes with the center surrounding the portal vein. A single pancreatic duct leaves the right lobe and enters the duodenum on a minor palpilla 12-20 cm distal to and separate from the bile duct entry, 20-25 cm from the pylorus.[8] The pancreas is a mixed endocrine and exocrine organ. The exocrine pancreas consists of the acinar cells and the duct system, representing more than 95 % of the pancreas fresh weight. The acinar cells produce and store pancreatic enzymes and inactive zymogens, and when stimulated release them into the duct system for transport to the duodenum. Water, bicarbonate and other electrolytes of pancreatic juice are produced in centroacinar cells and cells of the intercalary and intralobular ducts. The endocrine part of the pancreas is restricted to the islets of Langerhans. The islet are distributed throughout the acinar exocrine tissue and contain glucagon producing, alpha cells (15-20% of total islet cells), insulin and amylin producing beta cells (65-80%) , somatostatin producing delta cells(3-10%), pancreatic polypeptide producing PP cells (3-5%), and possibly also ghrelin producing epsilon cells ( 2.4 The liver and gallbladder The porcine liver is divided into 4 principal lobes along with a small quadrate lobe and a caudate process. The lobes, which are the functional units, are surrounded by fine connective tissue. The lobules consist of plates of hepatocytes interdigitated with hepatic sinoids, arranged radially around a central vein. Kupffer cells, which are specialized macrophages, along with endothelial cell line portions of the hepatic sinoids form part of the reticuloendothelial system. Located in the peripheral interlobular connective tissue is the portal triad; the hepatic portal vein, a hepatic artery and an interlobular bile duct, but additionally also lymphatic vessels[10]. Afferent blood from the portal vein and hepatic artery flows centrally in the hepatic siniods. Bile produced by the hepatocytes drains into bile canaliculi formed by hepatocytes and then through ducts of Hering to the interlobular bile ducts in the portal triad. The interlobular bile ducts merge into larger intrahepatic duct s, which become the extrahepatic biliary system. This includes the hepatic bile duct, which divides into a cystic duct connected to the gallbladder, and a common bile duct connecting to the duodenum. The bile duct enters the duodenum on a major palpilla located 2-5 cm from the stomach pylorus. 2.5 The small intestine The small intestine comprise of the duodenum (4-4.5%), jejunum (88-91 %) and ileum (4-5 %). The proportion of duodenum in the neonate is similar to that of the adult, whereas differentiation between jejunum and ileum is not clear. Although there are distinctive morphological feature, the duodenum, jejunum and ileum share a lot of common features. The small intestine consist of 4 major layers; The serosa, the muscularis, the submucosa and the mucosa. The serosa is the outermost layer of the intestinal wall. It has a squamous epithelium forming the mesentery that contains connective tissue, large blood vessels and nerves. The muscular layer contains two types of muscle fibres; an outer layer of longitudal muscles and an inner layer of circular muscles, that are involved in gastrointestinal motility. The submucosa is a layer of connective tissue holding together the large blood and lymphatic vessels and neural complexes. The mucosa consists of 3 sublayers; the muscularis mucosa, the lamina propria and the epithelium. The muscularis mucosa consists of a longitudinal inner muscle and an outer muscle encircling the intestine and produce transient intestinal folds. The lamina propria consists of blood vessels, free lymphocytes and lymph nodes called Peyers patches, and neurons held together by connective tissue. It supports the stru cture and nourishes the epithelial layer. The epithelial layer consists of a single layer of epithelial cells. They cover the whole luminal surface of the intestine, which is severely folded by the formation of fingerlike projections called villi, and at the base of these Crypts of Lieberkuhn, that are moat-like invaginations. There are 3 types of epithelial cells on the villus surface: absorptive cells, goblet cells and enteroendocrine cells[11]. They all originate from stem cells located near the base of the crypts. The entocytes migrate from the base to the tip of the villi and during migration, the enterocytes maturate. The digestive function (enzyme activity) begins as the enterocytes migrates over the basal third of the villi. The absorptive function starts to develop as they reach the upper to midlevel and continues to increase until they reach the top of the villi, where they are shed into the lumen. Hence, enterocytes at the surface of the villi are continuously renewed. Goblet cells are secreting viscous mucus, and are interspersed among the enterocytes. Goblet cells increase in number from the proximal jejunum to the distal ileum. The formation of villi increases the mucosal surface by 10-14 fold compared to a flat surface of equal size. Furthermore, the cell-surface of the enterocytes facing the lumen has an apical membrane forming microvilli (brush-border) that further enhances absorptive surface 14-40 fold. The microvilli have important digestive enzymes and other proteins attached. They extent into a jelly-like layer of glycoprotein known as the glycocalyx that covers the apical membrane. The remaining part of the enterocyte plasma membrane is called the basolateral membrane, referring to the base and side of the cell. The length of villi increases from the duodenum to the mid-jejunum and then decreases again towards the terminal ileum. This reflects the various functions of the different segments of the small intestine. Crypts also vary in size and composition along the intestine. They are deepest in the proximal small intestine (duodenum and jejunum) and shorter distally in the ileum. Paneth cells are located at adjacent to stem cells at the base of the crypts[12]. Their exact function is unknown but due to the presence of lysozymes and defensins they most likely contribute to maintenance of the gastrointestinal barrier. While the duodenum is the site where digesta leaving the stomach is mixed with secretions from the intestine, liver and pancreas, the jejunum is the main site of absorption. Brunner glands, which are located in the submucosa on the part above the sphincter of Oddi[13], produce bicarbonate containing alkaline secretion, which protect the duodenum from the acidic content of chyme, provide an alkaline condition for the intestinal enzymes and lubricate the intestinal walls. 2.5.1 Size and capacity of the small intestine At birth the small intestine is about 2 m long and has a capacity of 72 ml. At weaning it has more than tripled its length (6.6 m) and has a 9-fold as high capacity (660 ml). The small intestine of fully grown pigs is 16-21 m, weighs 2-2.5 kg and has a capacity of about 20 l. While the small intestine accounts for approximately 4-5 % during the suckling period, it decreases to 1.5 % when reaching slaughter weight. 2.6 The large intestine The pig has a relatively short caecum and a long colon, consisting of an ascending, transverse and descending colon.[14] The caecum is a cylindrical blind sac located at the proximal end of the colon. The cecum, the ascending and transverse colon and the proximal portion of the descending colon are arranged in a series of centrifugal and centripetal coils known as the spiral colon. The caecum and proximal part of the spiral colon has longitudinal muscular bands resulting in a series pouches (haustra)[15]. The rectum is embedded in fat and is dilated to form ampulla recti just before ending at the anus. The mucosa of the large intestine has no villi, but columnar epithelial cells with microvilli formed into straight tubular crypts. Numerous goblet cells secreting sulphated carbohydrate-protein complex intersperse the columnar cells to lubricate the colon. The rectum has a simple structure with columnar cells and only few goblet cells. 2.6.1 Size and capacity of the large intestine During the suckling period the large intestine is small; From a weight of 10 g and a length of 0.8 m and with a capacity of 40 ml at birth to 36 g, 1.2 m and a capacity of 100 ml at 20 d of age. This corresponds approximately to 1.2 % of body weight. After weaning and during the growing period it grows dramatically (2-2.5 % of body weight) and increases its weight to 1.3 kg and length to 5 m at 100 kg with a capacity of approximately 10 l. Adult pigs have a large intestine weighing about 2.8 kg, a length of 7.5 m and a capacity of 25 l. 3. Function of the digestive organs 3.1 Salivary secretion (HNL) Saliva contains a mixture of water (99 %), inorganic salts, mucins, a-amylase. In addition, to serve some protection against diseases, it also contains lysozyme, which breaks down the polysaccharide walls of many kinds of bacteria and immunoglobulin A, which play a critical role in mucosal immunity. Saliva moistens the food, lubricates the esophagus, and initiates the digestion of starch. However, the activity of salivary a-amylase is low, and although secreted in the oral cavity, starch digestion is not believed to be of quantitative importance here, as the time spent in the mouth is too short. Some digestion may on the other hand take place in the proximal part of the stomach prior to acidification with gastric juice. [16] The volume and duration of salivary secretion varies in response to external cognitive or sensory stimuli (cephalic stimulation) and physical and/or chemical stimulation in the mouth. Volume and total activity increases with increased feeding level. However as th e ratio of total salivary amylase to total pancreatic amylase is only about 1:250,000 in the postprandial phase[17] (0-5 h after feeding), salivary a-amylase may be considered insignificant from a quantitative point of view. 3.2 Gastric secretion (MSH) Gastric juice is a clear and slightly viscous fluid. The major constituents in gastric juice are shown in Table 1. Triglyceride digestion HCl is secreted by the parietal cells. However, HCl is not produced within the parietal cell because it would destroy the cell. Both H+ and Cl- are independently transported from the parietal cell into the stomach lumen. Hydrogen ions are generated from the dissociation of carbonic acid that is produced by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase acting upon CO2 and H2O. H+ is then transported to the stomach lumen though a proton pump (H+/K+-ATPase). As hydrogen ions are secreted bicarbonate anions accumulate in the cell. To counterbalance this accumulation HCO3- is exchanged for Cl- at the basolateral membrane. The K+ cations that accumulate within the cells are released back into the lumen in combination with Cl- anions. HCl plays two important roles in gastric juice. Firstly, it facilitates the protein digestion. HCl denaturates dietary protein, which results in exposure of peptide bonds to proteolytic enzymes. In addition, HCl activates pepsinogen to pepsin and provides a medium of low pH that ensures the optimal activity of the enzyme. Secondly, the low pH provides a non-specific defence mechanism because it inhibits microorganisms from proliferating in the gastric lumen and cause damage to the gastrointestinal tract. Four types of proteases have been found in the gastric juice of pigs (Table 1). They are all secreted as inactive zymogens (proenzymes that are activated in the lumen) to avoid self-digestion of the cells. The zymogens are activated in the lumen at an acidic pH below 5 or by active pepsin A. Pepsin A is the predominant gastric protease in adult pigs followed by gastricsin. They have strong proteolytic activity at pH 2-3. Pepsin digests approximately 10-15% of dietary protein before it is inactivated in the small intestine[18]. In suckling piglets, chymosin is the predominant protease. It has potent milk clotting activity at pH around 6. Milk clotting is important in suckling animals: it prolongs the passage time of milk along the gastrointestinal tract and enables the thorough digestion and absorption of milk nutrients. Apart from pepsinogen, the chief cells of the cardiac region of the pig stomach also secrete minor amounts of gastric lipase. This enzyme hydrolyses medium- and long-chain triglycerides and plays a role in the hydrolysis of triglycerides in the stomach of the young pig. A layer of protecting mucus covers the mucosal surface of the stomach. This layer protects the stomach epithelium from the acid conditions and grinding activity present in the lumen. Mucin secreted by the mucous neck cells of the gastric glands constitutes a major component of the viscous mucus layer. 3.2.1 Regulation of gastric secretion Gastric acid secretion is regulated by gastrin, histamine, and acetylcholine that stimulates while somatostatin inhibits acid secretion. Gastrin is produced by G cells in the antral mucosa. The production and release of gastrin is stimulated by food compounds mainly small peptides and amino acids and by nervous reflexes activated by gastric distension when food enters the stomach. Gastrin is secreted into the blood stream and acts on the parietal cells via a G receptor. Histamine is an amplifying substance in acid secretion. Histamine is produced by local mast cells and enterochromaffin-like cells and acts on parietal cells in a paracrine fashion. Acetylcholine is a neural transmitter produced by cholinergic neuraon. Acetylcholine is released as response to activation of stretch receptors[19]. The secretion of hydrochloric acid is most efficient when all three regulators are present. Gastric acid secretion is controlled by a feed back mechanism. When pH is 3 or below[20] acid secretion diminishes and gastrin release is blocked. The acidity prevents amines from diffusing into G cells and activate hormone secretion. Fur thermore, acid in the lumen causes D cells to release somatostatin. Somatostatin inhibits the parietal cells from secreting acid and G cells from releasing gastrin. The regulatory mechanisms that control pepsinogen secretion are much less researched but it is generally believed that the pepsinogen secretion is under same regulatory influences as acid secretion. The gastric secretory activity can be divided into three phases: cephalic, gastric, and intestinal. The anticipation of food stimulates gastric acid secretion. This is controlled by the central nervous system and is called the cephalic phase. The cephalic phase lasts for minutes and prepares the stomach for the entry of food. The gastric phase begins when food enters the stomach. It lasts for hours and accounts for two thirds of the gastric secretions. During the gastric phase acid and pepsinogen secretion is increased. When digesta enters the duodenum the intestinal phase initiates. This phase functions to decrease gastric motility and to reduce the secretion of gastric acid and pepsinogen. The intestinal phase lasts for hours. 3.3 Pancreatic exocrine secretion (MSH) The primary function of the exocrine pancreas is 1) to provide digestive enzymes for the digestion of the major nutrients and 2) to neutralize the acidic chyme entering the duodenum from the stomach to allow the pancreatic enzymes to function. The pancreatic juice is a clear, colourless liquid that contains salts, bicarbonate, and enzymes. The acini, the functional part of the exocrine pancreas, are composed of acinar cells, that synthesize and secrete the digestive enzymes and ductal cells where fluids and electrolytes originate from. The main regulatory pathways that control exocrine pancreatic secretion are the hormones secretin and cholesystokinin (CCK) and nervous stimulation. Acinar, centroacinar, and duct cells have receptors for secretin, CCK, and acetylcholine. When these binding sites are occupied the cells are stimulated to secrete, however, maximal secretion is observed when all receptors are occupied. Secretin is secreted by the endocrine S cells in the mucosa of the proximal small intestine. Secretin is released in response to acid or fatty acids in the duodenal lumen and it stimulates release of bicarbonate by pancreatic duct cells. CCK is released into the blood stream in response to the presence of animo acids, peptides, and fatty acids in the duodenal lumen. CCK is secreted by I cells in the proximal small intestine and it stimulates the secretion of digestive enzymes by the acinar cells. Acetylcholine, released by nerve endings near the pancreatic cells, stimulates secretion. The neurons are stimulated to release acetylcholine by impulses from the enteric nerve system or through the vagus nerve. The sight and smell of food induces vagal respo nses leading to pancreatic secretion[21]. This is the cephalic phase of pancreatic secretion analogous to the cephalic phase of gastric secretion described previously. Distension of the stomach also causes a vagovagal reflex stimulating pancreatic secretion, which is the gastric phase of pancreatic secretion. When digesta enters the duodenum it evokes a large increase in the rate of pancreatic secretion and the intestinal phase involves both endocrine as well as neuronal stimuli. The distention of the duodenum produces enteric nerve impulses that lead to the release of acetylcholine. The endocrine (hormonal) part of the intestinal phase occurs in response to the chemical stimulation, digestion products of protein and fat stimulates the release of CCK and the low pH of the digesta stimulates the release of secretin. The exocrine pancreatic secretion is controlled by a feed back mechanism. Diversion of pancreatic juice from the duodenum increases pancreatic secretion. It has been suggested that trypsin is the main component in this feed back regulation as reintroduction of pancreatic juice or infusion of trypsin but not amylase into the duodenum markedly decreased pancreatic secretion. Furthermore ingestion of raw soybeans containing trypsin inhibitor increases pancreatic secretion. There is strong evidence that this feed back regulation is linked with the release of CCK. Enterostatin, a pentapeptide released from procolipase when it is activated by trypsin in the duodenal lumen, may play a role in the feed back mechanism as well. Intraduodenal infusion of enterostatin hs been shown to inhibit pancreatic enzyme secretion. 3.3.1 a-amylase Pancreatic ÃŽÂ ±-amylase hydrolyses starch (from plant sources) and glycogen (from animal sources). Starch is composed of amylose, a linear polymer of glucose that is linked by ÃŽÂ ±-1,4 glycosidic bonds and amylopectin, a branched polymer of glucose, that contains both ÃŽÂ ±-1,4 glycosidic bonds and ÃŽÂ ±-1,6 glycosidic bonds. ÃŽÂ ±-amylase cleaves the interior ÃŽÂ ±-1,4 glycosidic bonds of starch. During the lifetime of the enzyme-substrate complex amylase hydrolyzes starch by multiple attacks through cleavage of several bonds. The major products of starch hydrolysis are maltose, isomaltose, maltotriose, sugars composed of two or three glucose units, and ÃŽÂ ±-limit dextrins, polysaccharides of 5 to 10 glucose residues containing both ÃŽÂ ±-1,4 and ÃŽÂ ±-1,6 glycosidic bonds. 3.3.2 Lipases Pancreatic juice contains three lipolytic enzymes: lipase, phospholipase A2, and carboxyl ester hydrolase, and a protein cofactor, colipase. Lipase is secreted as a fully active enzyme and is the most important enzyme in the digestion of fat. Lipase hydrolyses triglycerides the most abundant lipid in the diet and the products are free fatty acids and monoglycerides. Lipase is strongly inhibited by bile salts in the duodenum and the protein cofactor colipase is the only agent known to counteract this inhibition. Colipase is secreted as a zymogen, procolipase, which requires cleavage by trypsin to become active. Phospholipase A2 splits fatty acids from phospholipids. It is secreted as an inactive zymogen that requires activation by trypsin. Carboxyl ester hydrolase, also known as carboxyl ester lipase and cholesterol ester hydrolase, has an unusually broad substrate specificity, it hydrolyses mono-, di-, and triglycerides, cholesterol and retinol esters and lysophosphatidylglycerols. H owever, the main physiological function probably is to hydrolyse retinol and cholesterol esters. 3.3.3 proteases The major proteolytic enzymes secreted by the exocrine pancreas are listed in Table 1. All proteolytic enzymes are secreted as inactive zymogens to protect the gland from autodigestion. The activation of the proteolytic enzymes is initiated by the activation of trypsin by enterokinase, an intestinal brush-border enzyme. Trypsin then activates all other zymogens as well as trypsinogen. Trypsin is an endopeptidase meaning that it breaks proteins at internal points along the amino acid chain, it specifically cleaves peptide bonds on the carboxyl side of basic amino acids (lysine and arginine). The catalytic activity of chymotrypsin is directed towards peptide bonds involving the carboxyl groups of tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine and leucine. Elastase cleaves on the carboxyl side of aliphatic amino acids (alanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, and glycine). The carboxypeptidases are zinc-containing metalloenzymes. They are exopeptidases meaning that they remove a single amino acid from the carboxyl-terminal end of proteins and peptides. 3.3.4 Pancreatic secretion and dietary composition The enzymatic composition of the pancreatic juice has been shown to be dependent on the dietary composition. 3.4 Bile secretion (HNL) The bile has pH of 7.4-7.9 and contains bile salts, phospholipids, cholesterol (summing up to a total lipid content of 0.6-0.7 %), sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, mucus and bile pigments, of which the latter are endogenous waste products. Bilirubin is a major end product of red blood cell turnover produced by Kupffer cells and transported to hepatocytes for conjugation. The conjugated bilirubin is secreted in the bile responsible for its green/yellow colour. In the intestine conjugated bilirubin is converted by the microflora to urobilinogen, then to urobilin and stercobilin[22] and finally excreted by defaecation, giving faeces its characteristic brown colour. Some urobilinogen is reabsorbed and excreted by the kidney as urobilin, which is responsible for the yellow colour of urine. Both bile acids and phospholipids play an important role in digestive function, and the molar ratio of total phospholipid to total bile salts is 1:10.1[23]. Bile salts are conjugated bile acids, and their function is to aid emulsification and absorption of lipids. The bile acids in porcine bile are mainly conjugated with glycine but also some taurine (6.5 %). Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), found in the form of 31.3 molar % glyco-CDCA and 3% taurine-CDCA is de novo synthesized from cholesterol by the hepatocytes. Hyocholic acid (HCA) in the form of 12.6 % glyco-HCA is produced by hydroxylation of CDCA. Reduction of HCA by the microflora of the intestine leads to formation of hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA), which in bile is found as 48.2 % glyco-HDCA and 3.5 % tauro-HDCA . In contrast to humans, pig bile contains very little cholic acid(CA), found as glyco-CA (1.3 %). When excreted to the intestine conjugated bile acids are deconjugated and converted by the microflora in the distal small in testine. A majority of the bile acids are reabsorbed in the distal small intestine and transported to the liver via the portal vein. Along with de novo synthesized bile acids they are reconjugated and again excreted in bile. This phenomenon is termed entero-hepatic circulation, and is a mechanism to cope with the demand of bile acids, which by far exceeds the capacity for production. The phospholipids of porcine bile is entirely in the form of phosphatidyl choline, dominated by the 16:0-18:2 diacyl forms (59.6 %), followed by 16:0-18:1 (18.4 %) and 18:0-18:2 (15.9 %). [24] The bile secretion from the hepatocytes is constant, but bile is only released to the intestine, when needed for lipid digestion. Hence, when little or no food is present in the duodenum, the Sphincter of Oddi is closed and bile is diverted from the bile duct to the gall bladder, where the bile is concentrated. When food, particularly fat-rich food, enters the duodenum, the Spincter of Oddi is relaxed and the gall bladder contracts by a combination of neural and hormonal factors. Gut endocrine cells are stimulated to release CCK, while neurale receptors located at the Spincter of Oddi in conjuction with the intramural plexus coordinates the bile duct and bladder peristalsis. In bile duct cannulated pigs, where the Sphincter of Oddi is not controlling bile flow, the total bile flow over 24 hours has previously been measured to be 38 and 46 ml/kg in 60 and 45 kg pigs, respectively. Using re-entrant cannulation of the bile duct, which allow gallbladder storage of bile and regulation of flow by the Sphincter of Oddi, it was found that a traditional European pig diet induced a bile 24-h bile flow of 48 ml/kg, while a semi-synthetic diet based on starch, sucrose, casein, maize oil and cellulose led to a flow of 30 ml/kg. Measurement of bile flow by cannulation of the common bile duct and re-entrant cannulation of the proximal duodenum to reintroduce bile at the same rate of excretion resulted in flows of 35 ml/kg for 43 kg pigs fed a wheat-fish meal-casein diet and 59 ml/kg when a similar diet was supplemented with 40 % wheat bran. Hence, the bile flow is influence by the diet. Increasing fat content of the diet from 2 to 10 % induce a dramatic increase in bil e acid secretion along with a moderate increase in phospholipid and cholesterol output. A further increase in fat content to 20 % of the diet does not lead to further increase in bile acid flow, while phospholipid and cholesterol output continue to increase. Lipid composition also influences the bile output. While degree of saturation does not appear to influence the rate of bile acid and phospholipid secretion, the secretion of cholesterol is increased.[25] 3.5 Small intestinal digestion and absorption (MSH) 3.5.1 Digestion of carbohydrates The luminal phase of carbohydrate digestion applies only to starches and the enzyme involved is ÃŽÂ ±-amylase secreted from the pancreas. Starch hydrolysis products (maltose, isomaltose, maltotriose, and ÃŽÂ ±-limit dextrins) and dietary disaccharides (sucrose and lactose) are digested in the membranous phase by digestive enzymes that are a structural part of the intestinal surface membrane. Four different oligo

Saturday, July 20, 2019

Undersatnding People Essay -- essays research papers

Different people see the world from different perspectives. In our society, there will always be misunderstandings between people and those people’s reactions will differ. Some choose to mope, groan, and even get angry about the way that themselves or others are treated while some decide to try and do something about it. Still, there are others who think to themselves that maybe the best way to deal with the issues among people is to try and comprehend what they mean and just live by them. As Benedict Spinoza put it, â€Å"I have striven not to laugh at human actions, not to weep at them, nor to hate them, but to understand them.† Authors now try to understand actions that people make instead of ridiculing them. The following explains these authors and how they have been able to identify with others.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Under the Influence† is an essay written by Scott Russell Sanders. In this writing he tells how he grew up with an alcoholic as a father. His life was not at all easy. He had to deal with issues that young children should not have to deal with. In this essay he makes the reader understand what an alcoholic is and how the actions of one person who has this disease can affect himself and so many other people. Sanders does this by explaining the horror that he and his family had to go through during the years of his father’s problem. The family was never sure whether they would be happy at the sight of the father or horrified by his presence. As a child, S...

Friday, July 19, 2019

Graduation Speech: Sit Down and Shut Up :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Hi everyone, and congratulations to all the seniors for successfully completing the first phase of your life. We are all now independent and must look to the future. Everyone will go their separate ways, whether that be attending college, getting a job or traveling the world. While the members of our senior class may be taking drastically different paths, one goal is common to us all. That goal is to achieve success. There is not a person graduating today who does not want to succeed in the rest of their life, at least I hope not. So we all want to succeed, but what is success? Some people look for success and happiness by achieving great things in their careers. Others look for it by amassing material wealth and money, finding the best-looking partner or gaining power and recognition. Still others attempt to gain a sense of happiness and well being by going to the best parties and living wildly. While these things might seem to be good, fun or rewarding at first, those feelings will always be temporary and leave you feeling dissatisfied. Picture this, two old men are lying in a hospital within hours of death. One man is a multi-millionaire and once seemed to be very successful in life. He lived the high life and got whatever he wanted, but now he has no family or friends with him in his final moments and he is scared to death of dying. The second man is not rich, but he was always kind and lived a life of integrity. Loved ones and friends surround him, and he faces death with no fear, since he is right with God and his eternal future is secure. While the first man might have seemed better off from outward appearances, it was the second one who experienced true happiness and success. In order for us to live life to the fullest, we must force ourselves to change our priorities. While it is natural to be selfish and put oneself first, true joy and love will be found only when God and others are treated more importantly than oneself.

Legalizing the Growth of Industrial Hemp Essay example -- Industrial H

It is clearly seen today that the abolishment of hemp has not only hurt American farmers, but also affects every citizen’s day to day life. This plant has been used for thousands of years all around the world, but in recent years it has been morphed into the devil weed it is seen as today. The unfortunate cause of this view is the assumption that marijuana and industrial hemp are one in the same. This view does have some validity but that cannot outweigh the fact that these products are far from identical. The benefits of hemp cannot be replaced; it is simply a miracle plant. This one plant can efficiently produce fuel, paper, plastic, and fiber for fabrics with a better end product than what is currently used for these commodities. This tough plant that is inexpensive and easy to grow would not only save our farming industry and help our economy, but would also help to repair our environment. Legalizing the use of industrial hemp would solve economic and environmental issues in America by providing a domestic, sustainable, and renewable resource. It has been found that industrial hemp was used as far back as 8000 BC (). This plant has withstood the test of time and was utilized for thousands of years, but in the 20th century was banned from America. The reason for this ban and why it continues today is due to its comparison to other strains of the plant that can be used for medicinal or recreational purposes (J. McDougal). The comparison between these two strains put fear into the American people, but could not be further from the truth. THC or tetrahydrocannabinol is the chemical in marijuana that has an intoxicating effect when consumed. Industrial hemp or feral hemp contains less than half of one percent THC (D. West), whe... ...." Applied Physics Research. 2.1 (2010): 139-143. Print. Kaiser, Jocelyn. "Pests overwhelm Bt cotton crop." American Association for the Advancement of Science. (1996): Print. Kane, Mari. "The Movement to Legalize Industrial Hemp." Marijuana. Ed. Joseph Tardiff. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2002. Contemporary Issues Companion. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 27 Oct. 2010. "Legalize Hemp." Multinational Monitor. 19.4 (1998): 5. Print. McDougal, Jeanette. "The Hemp Movement: A Disguise for Legalizing Marijuana." Marijuana. Ed. Joseph Tardiff. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2002. Contemporary Issues Companion. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 27 Oct. 2010. "The history and benefits of hemp." San Diego Earth Times. Earth Times, 1999. Web. 15 Nov 2010. West, David. "Hemp and Marijuana: Myths & Realities." naihc.org. NAIHC, 1998. Web. 15 Nov 2010.

Thursday, July 18, 2019

Disaster Response and Relief

If being provided with a list from the Department of Homeland Securities of potential risk factors I would first look at these key issues and ways that I could improve the city’s chances of survival in a terrorist attack. I would look at the issues that were involved with these issues. My personal choice for order of dealing with the issues would be done so by my deciding which issues were more crucial and which ones needed to be dealt with first.With the list that was provided the order for these issues to be dealt with would take place in a specific order in order to promote the best chances of security and safety for all of the citizens involved. The first thing that would be done is that the airways would be secured and all incoming and outgoing air traffic would be stopped for some time. The next thing to do would be to secure waterways. This would include making sure that there were security efforts involved in protecting the city’s water sources as well.This woul d include the stopping of all water traffic and the security of the different ports and waterways that are surrounding the city. Next transport would be secured and stopped in order to allow for a more smooth evacuation of the city if necessary. This would mean that there need to be an exit strategy plan in the disaster plan that is on location at the town hall and other area disaster planning sites like the American Red Cross. All areas that produced power would be secured by as many forces as could be spared as well as trained disaster volunteers.This would be done so in order to help reduce the chances of harmful chemicals or toxins being released into the air in these areas. All food sources would be secured and there would be limited access to these sources in order to reduce the likelihood of contamination. During the beginning phases of this plan there would be specialists that would be involved in securing the computer systems and making sure that there was no one who was ab le to hack into important information. This would be handled at the same time as some of the other issues just by different specialists.There would be many different agencies that would be contacted. The first agencies to be contacted would be local law enforcement and area military. These would be first initiated in order to work on the security and safety of the city. The next agencies to be contacted would be those that are listed in the disaster plan including the local chapters of the American Red Cross, ESDA, and any other agency that has quick access to high volumes of volunteers. Schools and churches would be looked at as possible places for there to be shelters and food banks would be contacted as part of the process of having food and other goods.Other places that would be contacted are local grocery stores and other discount stores that would have access to high quantity of needed supplies. This would be done in partial efforts on putting limits on what each person could buy or have in order to ensure that supplies lasted for the most people possible. There would be limits placed on needed goods to ensure that all citizens could have some of them. The potential list of areas of vulnerability would need to be dealt with on a level where they were noted in the city’s Emergency Management Plan.Each of these issues would need to be discussed and there would need to be a plan for the emergency situation and how these issues would be dealt with. Whether or not the Incident Command System would need to be changed would depend on what was currently in place and what was needed. Basically if they were capable of addressing and dealing with all of the issues then there would not need to be any changes. However if they were not capable of this then there would need to be changes in order to ensure that they were capable.

Wednesday, July 17, 2019

Man is not truly one, but truly two. Show how Stevenson explores this idea in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Essay

The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is an terrible arrest that relieves the human nature in a fatal way it demonstrates how a mortal can possess deuce extreme faces. It is written by a Scottish writer, Robert Louis Stevenson, which then leads us to investigate why he didnt compulsive the background as somewhere in Scotland solely as London. However, as you strike into the story you veritableize why he chose London. Cargonfully, the distinct division between the well-heeled and poor is created as the atmosphere of this book in concomitant, how the book describes London is how the real Edinburgh was in early nineteenth-century 2 placementd. Edinburgh was where Stevenson grew up it is assumed that Stevenson himself lived a ii set ab pop tabu vivification by jumping from ace side of the city, rich to the other, poor.Stevenson portrayed the tolerate of Dr. Jekyll in the book based on the building that lived a surgeon c all in alled crapper hunting watch, who surpri infernogly has lots of analogousities with Dr. Jekyll. The building has twain sides and the surgeon also had both sides. As my list goes on, you will realize how I am talking or so how e very(prenominal) occasion has ii antithetic faces. Therefore, the story, in an unexplainable way, is non far from real sprightliness allone, or in f represent, every single thing in the world is capable of having deuce faces. Although the demonstrateers do not mold disclose Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is the deal person until the very lay off of the book, subsequentlywards they realize the author had give lots of hints through shoot down break through.Mr. Utterson is a lawyer and a long friend of Dr. Jekyll. He legitimate a will from this friend, Jekyll which verbalize that Jekyll is difference all his assets to Mr. Hyde if he dies or dis come alongs for more than(prenominal) than 3 months. Mr. Utterson got very disturbed by this testament especially having heard virtuall y Mr. Hyde from his cousin, Mr. Enfield. The story stated Mr. Hyde had chased and trampled oer a small innocent young woman Mr. Enfield described the fit as a sight hellish to see. This will that Mr. Utterson received, perhaps, was the front or so hint to the readers that on that point is an absurd blood between the Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.When they do find surface this bizarre fact, the readers then winder if that meant that Dr. Jekyll already knew that Mr. Hyde will overrule him someday, because if he did why would he had even started the experimentation? The most adequate answer we can further is that concourse father no demarcation line to penurying to be more Dr. Jekyll risked his life to find out more close to human nature. This links back to my maiden baksheesh roughly lav Hunter. He was a surgeon who was keen to find out more about how peoples body worked he remunerative people to illegally steal perfectly bodies from tomb for his dissection experiment. Interestingly, Hunter was a very nice and charitable gentleman who was praised by the public during the day for his intelligence which he had gained through the illegal experiments.Confused Mr. Utterson visited some other old friend of Dr. Jekyll, Dr. L whateveron, to ask about Mr. Hyde. However, failed to gain more information of this exclusively instead received a exposition that Dr. Jekyll was getting involved in pseudoscientific balderdash as Dr. Lanyon portrayed. Of course, as the readers know, this was to baffle a totally different prick Mr. Hyde, the murderer. This gives no wonder why Dr. Jekyll was hammer for Mr. Hyde afterward the crime later.Impatient as the time passed, Mr. Utterson hunted after Mr. Hyde himself. later few days of effort, Mr. Utterson finally caught Hyde expiration into the back accession of Dr. Jekylls building. After their interlocution, his conceit of Mr. Hyde was similar to Mr. Enfields disgust and savage. in like manner, as Mr. Enfield ex pressed, Mr. Hyde gave an impression of deformity without any namable malformation. When Mr. Utterson knocks on Jekylls door which is around the corner, there is no answer.As a finished reader, we know Dr. Jekyll cannot answer his door when he is in the form of Hyde. In this section, Dr. Jekyll shows similarities with Hunter over again. Hunter had his best front door heart-to-heart to everyone the day and dungeon back door was save open to the body stealers. Andrew dubiousness thinks these two doors themselves are used to institute the change as each opens or closes it leads characters into different parts of themselves. For both Dr. Jekyll and magic Hunter, behind the backdoor was where their balderdash took place and no one was allowed to steal a ensure because they were monsters there.Posterior to this date, Mr. Utterson endeavoured to find out the relationship between Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Not knowing the fact Dr. Jekyll himself is Mr. Hyde, Mr. Utterson could not un derstand the ease Dr. Jekyll had. However, the postal service metamorphosed after the murder of Sir Danvers Carew Dr. Jekyll felt acrid sick by what had happened and declared to be done with Mr. Hyde. This statement pleased Mr. Utterson who had then received the letter from Mr. Hyde through the hands of Dr. Jekyll. Glad to know Dr. Jekyll cod had a lesson, Mr. Utterson happily returned to his house where he finds out enthalpy Jekyll forged for a murderer. Handwritings of Dr. Jekylls letter and Mr. Hydes were exactly the identical except for the small difference in slope.Knowing that two people are the corresponding person we understand this nevertheless Mr. Utterson doesnt know it at this stage. This is the point where Dr. Jekyll regrets doing the experiments and decides to leave it there. However, he soon realizes he is doing it again as if it is a drug that cannot be stopped. Why does he go on when he clear knows that he will get hung if he gets caught as Hyde? This quest ion can be distorted and be aimed at nates Hunter. Why did he continue the experiment when he clearly knew that he will get hung if he was caught doing illegal barter of dead bodies? The answers are the same inclination to know more and possibly the souse of not getting caught.Two months after feeling his blood run cold, Mr. Utterson vomit in efforts to forget everything about Mr. Hyde and the remnant of Sir Danvers. Mr. Hyde had not been around for the whole two months and Dr. Jekyll had become the previous friendly Dr. Jekyll again renewed relations with his friends and became once more their familiar guest and entertainer. One excellent change made from the past was that he was be overly unattackable, religious, and charitable. It was now Dr. Lanyon who started to act madness his words I concupiscence to see or hear no more of Dr. Jekyll, I am preferably done with that person brought back all the memories from two months ago Dr. Jekyll gave the exact same line but abou t Mr. Hyde. The testament by Dr. Lanyon to Mr. Utterson after his cobblers last had iniquitous will on the letter which read not to be opened process the death or disappearance of Dr. Henry Jekyll.Witnessing these words, Mr. Utterson sensed incidents from two months ago were about to be repeated. Not long after the death of Dr. Lanyon, Poole, the servant of Dr. Jekyll, pay a visit to Mr. Utterson he was pale and frightened. Poole tells his solicitude he is afraid to find out the reason why Dr. Jekyll was acting awful weird not coming out of the laboratory. Mr. Utterson made the trip to Dr. Jekylls fearing the same thing as Poole Hyde had killed Jekyll and is in his place. When Mr. Utterson breaks into the have-to doe withs room, there is only a warm and still twitching Hyde and no trace of Dr. Jekyll. A document by Dr. Jekyll found stated read the narrative of Lanyon first, so Mr. Utterson follows the words without questions. Reading the two full letters befriended the dust of these compound stories settle into place in Mr. Uttersons mind. The hope of separating the wrong out of good from a man turned out to be a failure and only made a reasonably good man into a devil.Although the story on its have got is a fiction of a person with two faces not being able to conceal the bad part, there is an implied reality that everything in the world has two faces and that these two faces are found from much(prenominal) extraordinary places. Not only John Hunter but also deacon Brodie and Robert Wringhim are good examples. John Hunter, as I compared with Dr. Jekyll above, was a two approach man who did goods for the society such as creating new medicines but had to commit crimes like hiring people to steal dead bodies on the backstage for his further studies on creating express medicines. Deacon Brodie was a normal storage locker maker but this only utilize when the sun was out. Because he was a cabinet-maker he was hired by the rich and was prone their keys of their houses.Either when the people were asleep or when the masters of the house were gone, he became a theft. He stole money and any valuables from these rich. It is frustrating to find out a person that you believed was turned out to be the one person that used this think to fill his desires. However, this is what Stevenson was mentioning a trusted person like Dr. Jekyll turned out to be doing a horrid experiment, which involved himself comely a murderer. Also, taking from Stevensons own book, he cleverly created a scene where Sir Danvers Carew was killed by Mr. Hyde in a good-for-naught place of the city. Why did MP appear in such an area at that time of the night? It seems he had sour secrets as well. Additional example is a confession of Robert Wringhim. He had two personalities devoted and murderer. It is quite hard to imagine a very religious person committing the biggest sin you can find from their religion.All these examples and the stories bring us to a repul sive decision that everyone is evil deep down and so everyone is not to be trusted. Also a question such as is Stevenson suggesting that we contend to keep our darker side under control? can be asked. In fact, beholding that everyone has done something bad at least(prenominal) once in their life, is the idea of lordly dark side even realizable? If it is impossible, is he saying we just have to accept our imperfections and do what our impulses are telling us?According to Darwins On the Origin of Species, human evolved from animals such as chimpanzees and monkeys. Stevenson perhaps is representing Mr. Hyde as the beast in human nature to tell us that no one can spurn the monster living underneath our generosity everyone has their own version of Mr. Hyde in them. fetching Dr. Jekyll for instance, the darker side was impossible to control because he changed back to Mr. Hyde constantly even when he didnt want it. Stevenson described it to be a physical change but he actually inv olved an implication that this happens to everyone not physically but as mentally anytime people get a chance to fill their means, they awaken the evil side in their heart to help them.Is it really impossible to control? It is shake to think that this is true because it is not having male monarch over this side is up to the person. We wont be able to explain how the Saints and priests can exist if it was impossible to control. stimulate Teresa gave everything to the society and the poor and devoted her life to God and to his people she was strong adequacy to control the devil inside her. The poet and priest Gerard Manley Hopkins after reading the book said my Hyde is worse. If his worst Hyde was revealed to the world he wouldnt be a priest. He, like go Teresa, consciously had been fork uping to push external the evil spirit within him.Stevenson is implying that everyone has two sides by giving two faces to every character in the book and do the places he picks to have two different side and relating the city in the story, London, to a real city with two sides, Edinburgh. Also he gives the impression that the darker sides overpowers the brighter side by making that happen to Dr. Jekyll, therefore, we just have to accept this fact and wait until the darker side takes over your body however, this is not the case. He is saying we to have to accept the imperfections of ourselves and try keeping it under control. If we cannot keep it controlled, we whitethorn meet such a death like Dr. Jekyll and Sir Carew. People who can serve it very well will be praised for it like Mother Teresa. Stevenson is stating that choosing which one we want to be is all up to us.

Tuesday, July 16, 2019

How to write an introduction for a dissertation?

How to write an introduction for a dissertation?

The introduction is the starting point of your dissertation. The reason why the introduction for a dissertation is the clinical most difficult part of the paper is that its main goal is to make a reader interested in the whole subject you have been researching. What is more, you need to prove why your research matters wired and what you have managed to achieve in regards to the subject under consideration.Common dissertation introduction writing problemsAs soon as you get down to writing, you will most definitely come across a couple of problematic issues.Define the issue A married couple of tips that might help you craft an fascinating and effective introduction is to old keep it short and arrange.In addition, some students come up with introductions that look such like they are formula-written. Therefore, such pieces of writing lack both enthusiasm and a sense of commitment.Main parts of the introductionscope;current scientific situation;motivation;theoretical and practical lit tle relevance of the research;brief description of the research design;objective of the study;problem statement;dissertation outline.You need to begin with stating the motive for your research.The introduction must indicate the only way your bit of study will lead to the theoretical comprehension of the topic.

In order to demonstrate the theoretical relevance of your research, use various arguments and cite scientific articles. Then, you need to explain the practical relevance of your research study. Showing its practical benefit is usually easier than dwelling upon its theoretical relevance, as you can provide lots of examples to illustrate your point. Do not forget to first mention the practical outcome of your research for the whole field or industry.An introduction is among the ingredients of a dissertation.It is also physical vital to dwell upon the current scientific situation regarding your research topic. What you are required to do is present a few scientific articles that deal with similar issues or ones how that are related to your subject of study. Briefly explain the gist and the main message of those articles. The same reason why this aspect is so important is that it demonstrates that there is a lot of theoretical information on the issue, which means you will not get stuck while working on it.Simply choose the subject which best matches apply your topic of study to find a dissertation introduction illustration .

Try to summarize the gist of each previous chapter in one sentence. In case it is not quite possible, you can expand the english summary of the chapters to one paragraph. Keep in mind that the outline should not be repetitively phrased. Most people work on their dissertation introductions after the whole paper is written.Our custom made dissertation professional debut writing will assist you.Make sure you write to the point. Do not repeat yourself. Present very useful information to the reader. Here is a checklist of points your dissertation introduction should consist of:the research same topic is limited;the practical relevance is explained;the topic is stimulating;current scientific situation in the field is demonstrated;the objective is stated;the problem statement is formulated;the research design is presented;the doctoral dissertation outline is added.Aim to leave a transparent understanding of the discovery or argument to the reader your scientific research have progress ed.

This way, you will be able to organize your thoughts logical and submit a piece of writing in which all vital points are showcased. Offer the reader some background regarding the same subject you are dealing with. Clarify what the focus of your study is. Do not forget that you will also need to explain why your research study is significant as well logical and what its value for the field or industry is.Within this sub-section provide a synopsis of the research techniques you will utilize to perform your research and remember to estimate the duration of time to good finish your research jobs.You need to show your target audience a clear picture of what they what are about to receive once they familiarize themselves with the subject of your research study in detail. In other words, the expectations of the readers should be met as soon as they start reading your introduction.Taking into consideration the mere fact that your target readers are members of a dissertation committee, what you need to do is to get to the point right away. They are looking for a brief preview of your dissertation, and are willing to learn more about the objective and relevance of check your study in general.Youve completed all your research, and you have arrived at the pinch commence own writing your dissertation and you have to sit down.

Do not forget to define the public key terms of your dissertation. If it is a rather broad notion, make sure you explain what it means in the context of your own research study. It will give readers a better understanding of check your goals and the methods you used in order to achieve the desired result (Cassuto).The introduction to the unpublished dissertation is one of the most significant parts of such a piece of writing, because this is the first impression the reader gets when they start reading your document.Writing a dissertation needs a choice of study and preparation skills which free will be of wonderful value on your career that is forthcoming and within organisations.Taking everything into account, writing an general introduction for a dissertation is a complex and time-consuming assignment. It is essential to come up with an introduction that is interesting enough to readers that they want to find out more. Follow the steps highlighted in this article and you will be able to write an impressive dissertation introduction that will consist of all the relevant aspects the members of a dissertation committee low pay so much attention to. Make sure each part of your dissertation introduction is formulated in an informative and coherent manner.Attempt to limit your acknowledgement dissertation to a page.